Observations in the field suggest that moss shoots are not commonly grazed, but immature capsule damage by slugs is abundant. In an investigation of the palatability of the mosses, Mnium hornum and Brachythecium rurabulum, to slugs in the family Arionidae it was found that the slugs ate considerably more immature capsule than leafy shoot. Phenolics have proved to be effective deterrents to molluscan feeding both in brown algae and in angiosperms. Therefore the phenolic component of the moss shoot and immature capsule was compared using HPLC, PC and TLC analysis to discover whether phenolic concentration can be correlated with low consumption. Nine phenolic compounds were identified, some within the cell and some wall-bound. Ferulic and possibly m- or p-coumaric acid were concentrated in the wall-bound fraction of the shoot. Other phenolics were concentrated within the immature capsule or were common to both moss tissues. The extraction and isolation of these compounds is discussed in relation to the form and location of a possible feeding deterrent.

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Sensitometric techniques are used for determining the characteristic curve in medical imaging. In this study intensity-scale (inverse square law, simulated light) methods are used in the determination of radiographic screen-film system characteristic curve. Films which were exposed to simulated light and X-ray were processed in the same automatic processor simultaneously. These curves were overlapped at Net density of 1.0 to compare the curve shapes. The results show there is a good correlation between the density of X-ray sensitometry and that of simulated light sensitometry. The differences of density are within ±0.12 (±10% log exposure). This applies to both blue sensitive and green sensitive systems.

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People with Meares-Irlen syndrome (MIS) perceive visual distortions and abnormal brightness in text. Translucent colored overlays may alleviate these symptoms, making reading more comfortable. We examined various colors' effect on reading comfort, and whether colored overlays affect reading in Japanese participants with and without possible MIS. Participants read Japanese syllabary (Hiragana) and English alphabets with ten colored overlays (purple, rose, peach, orange, yellow, green, light , , -gray, and gray), and without overlay. After reading the texts, participants ranked each overlay color's reading comfort. In both the Hiragana and English alphabet conditions, participants with possible MIS ranked the blue-gray and light blue overlays highly, and normal controls ranked blue-gray, gray, green, and light blue highly. These results suggest that bluish-colored overlays make reading more comfortable in people with and without MIS.

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生鮮魚介類の細菌学的な検査を現場で実行するために有用な検査方法を提供する目的で，コンパクトドライEC (CD-EC)を使って大腸菌群数の検査を実施したところ，以下の成績が得られた．
1. 生鮮魚介類88例について米国FDA-BAM法である混釈平板培養法とMPN5本法を対照にしてCD-ECで大腸菌群数を検査したところ，相関係数はそれぞれ0.96および0.85であった．
2. CD-ECの赤色集落(推定大腸菌群)142株を同定した結果，Citrobacter属8株，Enterobacter属42株，Hafnia属5株，Klebsiella属5株，Serratia属42株，その他の腸内細菌15株，腸内細菌以外の菌26株であった．
3. 大腸菌は米国FDA-BAM法でシジミとアサリの5例で認めた．
4. CD-ECで青いコロニー(推定大腸菌)を認めた検体はシジミとアサリの5例に加えて，ブラックタイガー，メヒカリ，アジであったが，分離した菌株はEscherichia vulnerisで偽陽性であった．

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症例は35歳の女性。生下時より右側胸部に青色斑が数個存在し,以後少しずつ増数したが自覚症状はなかった。初診時右側胸部に48×22mmの範囲に境界不明瞭で濃淡のある青黒色色素斑が認められ,その中に直径1～5mmの青色調の丘疹が散在していた。切除標本の病理組織所見は,真皮中層,特に付属器周囲に色素を有する細胞が密に集簇した部分が数ヵ所みられ,agminated blue neviと診断した。Blue nevusは通常単発性であるが,限局した部分に集簇して多発する稀な症例があり,agminated blue neviを含めて様々な名称での報告がある。これらの報告例を本例を含めて検討したところ,1)生下時または幼少期から,2)主に胸部から肩に存在し,3)大きさは不変,またはわずかに増大する程度で,4)病理組織学的にcommon typeで,5)毛嚢周囲に真皮メラノサイトとメラノファージが限局していることが多いという特徴を有していた。

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In this paper, we consider a uniform bipartition problem in a population protocol model. The goal of the uniform bipartition problem is to divide a population into two groups of the same size. We study the problem under global fairness with various assumptions: 1) a population with or without a base station, 2) symmetric or asymmetric protocols, and 3) designated or arbitrary initial states. As a result, we completely clarify solvability of the uniform bipartition problem under global fairness and, if solvable, show the tight upper and lower bounds on the number of states.

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When movies enter the color era from black and white images, color has become a unique and important part of the language of video. Color is a perceptual visual element which is silent but infectious, infecting audiences potentially.

Blue is one of the three-primary colors and has a vital position in the color world. It is the spokesman for negative energy, affecting people's mood, and even personality. This article analyzes from the perspective of movie audiovisual language, how directors use blue to express in movies.

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The author has done those experiments continously for the former report (Refference 1) which was carried out the effect of colour vinyle cord as a model net on drive to fish.
10 goldfish Carassius auratus of an average total length of 3.5cm. were liberated in a wooden tank of 50cm. long, 26cm. wide and 10cm. water depth. A pair of model nets are prepared which wooden frames are stretched netting of small mesh, except the middle part, because inserting three glass tubes in it, seeing Fig. 1. Observing for effect of colours, there were used red, blue and black inks to fill each glass tube, and for depth of colour, these inks were diluted in 10……1, 000 times. The centralizing method was done with repeat of 40 times using all these 11 conditions and in all combinations of two conditions each.
The sum of the total values were given in Table 1. and they were applied the chi-square test of statistics and the visible distance of the glass tubes in the water were given in Table 2.
Even the driving effect is in being of difference by kinds of colours, he recognized superiority and inferiority of the effect according the depth of colour in the same. The visible distance of those glass tubes in the water was coincided with the order of depth of colour, neverthless the colour more visible in the water is not always excellent on the driving effect. As coincide with the result of the former report, the red ink of non-dilution is most excellent on driving effect.
To sum up of those conception, he thinks over that the distinctness with kind and depth of colour is excellent on driving effect.

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The formation of the mixed chelates [Cu AB]n in aqueous solutions containing [Cu A₂]²⁺ (A= bip or phen) and [Cu B] (B=1, 3-propanediamine (tn), β-alaninate ion (β-ala), malonate ion (mal), or pyrocatechol-3, 5-disulfonate ion (tiron)) was studied spectrophotometrically. When B was tn, the mixed chelates were found to be unstable, while in all other cases the formation of the mixed chelates were nearly quantitative, and their Vmax values, shown in Table 1, clearly indicated the same trend as those of the other [Cu AB]n chelates described previously. Solid chelates shown in Table 2 were also obtained and characterized.

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[Cu(CH₃COO)₂(Him)₂](1)のアルコール溶液を8時間加熱還流して得られた分解析出物の組成や立体配置を調べた.1の濃度を30～7.5mMにした1-プロパノールならびにエタノール溶液から,[Cu(im)₂](2)が得られた.また,メタノール溶液の場合,1の濃度を30mMにすると,2が得られたが,10mM以下の溶液から析出したものを大気中で処理すると,[Cu(im)(OH)_0.4(OCH₃)_0.6](4a)が,また乾燥空気中で処理すると,[Cu(im)(OCH₃)](4b)が得られた.4bを飽和水蒸気中で長時間放置すると,加水分解して[Cu(im)(OH)](4e)に変化した.一方,15mMの溶液から析出したものを大気中で処理すると,[Cu(im)_1.8(OH)_0.2](3)が得られた.これらの分解析出物は一次元鎖状構造の銅(II)多核錯体であり,ここで銅(II)イオンは平面正方型配位構造をとっている.熱に対する安定性は,2が最も優れていた.これらの析出物から,アルコール中における1の分解過程を考察した.

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Commelina, the pantropical and largest genus in Commelinaceae, consists of ca. 205 species with characteristic conduplicate involucral bracts. Previous phylogenetic studies of Commelina, which mainly used African and North American species, suggested that the ancestral character state of the margins of the involucral bracts of Commelina was free and that free to fused occurred only once. To test this evolutionary scenario, we performed parsimony and likelihood analyses with partial matK sequences using 25 individuals from 11 species of Commelina, primarily from eastern and southeastern Asia, with Aneilema and Pollia as outgroups. Results showed that Commelina comprises two major clades, one consisting of four species, and the other consisting of seven species. Species with free margins of the involucral bracts were in both major clades: C. suffruticosa in the first clade and C. coelestis, C. communis, C. diffusa, C. purpurea and C. sikkimensis in the latter. The phylogenetic trees suggested that the number of shifts is fewer when the ancestral state was fused and that there were two parallel evolutionary trends toward free.

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These days we can various colors of clothes. When they usually buy their dresses at a store, 80% of children take a keen interest in their colors and styles and express their likings or tastes. In my invetigation, I made boys and girls in the fifth and sixth grade choose three colors they like or don't care for among eighteen kinds of colors. The statistic figures show as follows. 1. The colors of boys' tastes are in regular succession : blue, light-blue, green-yellow and blue-green, and the colors of girls' tastes are also in a regular succ etion; light , , pink, yellow-green and bluegreen, So I found that they are inclined to like an interm ediate color. 2. Both boys and girls have a distaste for the colors such as purple, red, red-purple and orange-color. From this point, I found it not right to consider that girls gererally like red. 3. When two colors are blended, they like green and yellow which are comparatively felt soft. 4. Next I tried to check up how they are impressed with a secomd color made by mixing two colors. The result obtained is that they have much difficulty in distinguishing the feeling of a warm color from the feeling of a cool color.

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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was applied to three-dimensional (3-D) observation of bacteria harboring in soil organic matters. Ethidium bromide (EB) was employed for staining soil bacteria, since EB did not stain strongly soil constituents other than bacteria. Staining of soil specimens in 100μg/ml of EB at pH 7.2 for 3 min followed by observation under blue excitation offered a satisfactory preparation for CLSM. A sequence of 60 confocal images of a specimen (soil organic debris 18μm thick) was obtained by optical sectioning at different levels in the specimen at intervals of 0.3μm. From the 60 sections, several types of 3-D projections were generated by image processing : a micrograph with a great depth (18μm) of focus, a pair of split stereo images which could be observed stereoscopically with the naked eye, etc. These 3-D images enabled to observe the spatial distribution of bacteria in organic debris in detail including bacterial colonization inside the organic debris. Possible use of CLSM in soil microbiology was discussed.

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パンジーの濃紫色花のアントシアニンであるviolaninは, 最初Willstätter (1916) によってグルコース, ラムノースを結合糖にもつデルフィニジン配糖体として報告されたが, その際, 水解によって生成するグルコースとラムノースとが等分子比でなく, ラムノース含量がグルコースに比していちじるしく低い実験値が得られていた. 後年, P. Karrer (1933) はこの点を再検討し, かってWillstätterの得たviolaninは単一物質ではなくて, デルフィニジンおよびペオニジンのグルコース配糖体が混在していたと結論し, 主色素であるviolaninに対して新たにdelphinidin 3-rhamnoglucoside+P-coumaric acidの構造を提出した.
今回われわれはWillstätterの方法に準じて原著と同一の結晶形を示すviolanin標品を調製して, ペーパークロマト法で調べたところ, この結晶はまったく単一であり, Karrerの指摘したような混合物ではないことが明らかになった. この標品について行なった詳細な分析結果からすると, violaninは, WillstätterやKarrerの想定したような二糖配糖体ではなく, グルコース2分子, ラムノース1分子, パラクマール酸1分子を有するデルフィニジンの三糖配糖体であり, グルコースの2分子は, それぞれデルフィニジンの3- 位および5- 位の水酸基と結合していることが明らかになった. 本文に記載した諸知見とKarrerらの実験結果とを総合して, われわれはviolaninの構成をdelphinidin 3-rhamnoglucosido-5-glucoside+p-coumaric acidと改める.

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Clay has a strong cation exchange ability. If a soil sample is put into a plastic tube with a methylene

( color cation) aqueous solution and the mixture is well mixed, the top layer is colored with blue. We can measure the layer length as an indicator of the amount of clay in the sample soil. We collected 24 sample soils from Mt. Handa in Okayama city, where a big landslide occurred in the Nishinihon torrential rainfall disaster (July 2018). Our methylene blue method for determining the clay amount shows that the clay amount of the sample collected from a point close to the landslide was the highest in 24 samples. The amount of clay in a soil sample can thus be a possible indicator of a landslide. Chemical weathering of rock minerals generates clay minerals with alkali and alkaline earth metal cations as byproducts. Actually, the adsorbed blue layer length is proportional to the soil conductivity caused by chemical weathering. This “methylene blue adsorption method” can be conducted with just a plastic tube or a PET bottle, a ruler, methylene blue solution, and sample soil, which are inexpensive, simple and easy procedures, and results can be confirmed by the visual blue colored layer. Therefore, this approach is suitable for education on disaster prevention at primary and junior high schools.

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