In this paper, we describe the system that removes from hanger and folds in automatically. This system takes out the each hanger from the hanger rack, and system detects whether the is dry or not. If is dry, hanger is removed from and is folded by the system. In generally, how to hang the to the hanger is different depending on the kinds of . In previous, we developed the mechanism that can remove the hanger from the regardless kind of the . However, the system couldn’t discriminate the kind of the . So, we propose how to discriminate the kind of that is hung the hanger.

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The aim of this study is to develop a class for clothing management in the Junior High School Home Economics. Students acquire a scientific concept of by this study of clothing management. An experiment to evaluate detergents was developed and practiced for this class. Students' experiment work sheets were analyzed. All students could confirm that when the surface tension decreased, it was one of the functions of the detergent. The surface tension was measured by using a variety of detergents and the hardness of water. The results were evaluated by comparing the numerical values of the properties of the detergent solution. It was understood that the experiments introduced into the class was effective. The educational content related to the detergency is necessary for the following.

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  The use of leftover bath water for household

is a practice unique to Japan. This study investigated the annual reduction in the environmental load that household achieved using leftover bath water and ultra-concentrated liquid detergents, based on calculated GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions and life cycle cost assessments from actual measurements of model household conditions, while taking into account differences in washing machines and detergents. Compared to conventional practices (pulsator-type washing machine, volume of 2.5 kg/wash, powder detergent), the results showed it was possible to reduce GHG emissions by 22％ by switching to a drum-type washing machine and by 24％ by using leftover bath water. The use of high-temperature leftover bath water was also found to give similar detergency between winter and spring-fall. The parameters of the practice generating the least GHG emission volumes were the use of leftover bath water, drum-type washing machine, ultra-concentrated liquid detergent, and bulk washing cycles. Compared to conventional practice, this resulted in a 59％ reduction in GHG emissions from the washing process and a 59％ reduction in cost. Due to sanitary and safety considerations, the volume of detergent cannot be reduced when using leftover bath water. However, the volume of water used can be halved. The study results confirm that this method can significantly reduce GHG emissions and cost while maintaining detergency levels.

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We plan to use a drainage treatment system that combines a device using a manganese dioxide-based catalyst for ozone oxidation with a ceramic microfiltration membrane (MF membrane). The high oxidizing power of ozone is enhanced by the catalyst, and the impurities (such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) causative substances and n-hexane extracts) in the drainage are sufficiently degraded to allow their releases to the environment. Ionic nuclides are also oxidized and insolubilized so that they can be separated with the MF membrane having fine pores of about 0.1μm. The performance of the treatment system in removing zadioactivity, COD causative substances, and n-hexane extracts was confirmed by hot demonstration tests using actual drainage. Cold tests were also conducted using simulated drainage to confirm the system operation conditions and the long-term stability of drainage treatment capability. While ozone has a high oxidizing power, it decays spontaneously in liquid within a short period of time. Therefore, the behavior of ozone under the operating conditions and its effect on the corrosion of structural materials were investigated to maintain a sufficient time for decay and select appropriate structural materials.

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In this study, we aim to deal with the laundries by two robot arms and a camera. We evaluated how folds in the unified method in comparison with folding by human. As a result, a good condition which is used the by human is the fewer number of folding. And a good condition which is put away the by human is the smaller . The size of which is folded by unified method is about 12.5 to 25% of the original size after folding the square.

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Nowadays detergents are becoming increasingly popular as they can be metered automatically into the washing machine, impart softness, antistaticness, resiliency to fabrics, mild to eyes and skins and shows good dispersibility in water. Because it is consumed when it is used, the sale of detergent is a rather large business. There are many different kinds or brands of detergent sold, many of them claiming some special qualities as selling points. A detergent composition is a formulated mixture of raw materials that can be classified into different types based on their properties and function in the final product. The different classes of raw materials are surfactants, builders, bleaching agents, enzymes, and minors which remove dirt, stain, and soil from surfaces or textiles gave them pleasant feel and odour. The physico-chemical properties of surfactants make them suitable for purposes. detergent has traditionally been a powdered or granular solid, but the use of liquid detergents has gradually increased over the years, and these days use of liquid detergent equals or even exceeds use of solid detergent. This review paper describes the history, composition, types, mechanism, consumption, environmental effects and consumption of detergents.

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前2報に引続き, 本報は消費者にとって実際的見地から著しく重要である防炎加工ポリエステルの消費科学的性質を取扱うものである.
さらに本研究においてはリン源として3種のフエニルリン酸塩を比較のために用いた.結果を要約すると次のようになる.
1) いずれの試料も防炎加工により引張り強度が向上したが, これは防炎加工がポリエステル繊維へ与える今一つの性質向上への寄与である.
2) いずれの試料のLOI値も25回のランドリー後増加を示した.この原因として水分率の増加が考えられたため水分率の測定を行った結果洗濯回数の増加に伴って水分率が増加するのがみられた.そのため, 疎水性の繊維では含水量の増加がLOI値の上昇に寄与することが立証された.
3) ドライクリーニングの場合はいずれも若干のLOI値の低下がみられたが, これは加工剤が有機溶剤溶解性であることによると考えられる.しかしいずれも27%の限界値以上のレベルは維持した.
4) 引張り強度に関しては, いずれの場合もランドリー, ドライクリーニング後には若干の低下を示したが, 未加工試料又はそれ以上のレベルは保っていた.
5) 耐光性については, Br源であるHBCDで処理した試料は48時間紫外線照射後も何らLOI値の低下を示さなかったが, リン化合物は照射時間に伴って徐々に低下した.これらのリン化合物にHBCDを添加するとLOI値は上昇し耐光性も向上した.しかしHBCD処理試料は引張り強度の低下が大きかった.
6) 3種のフェニルリン酸塩の影響を比較すると, triphenyl phosphateがdipheny methyl phosphate, diphenyl ethyl phosphateに比べて最もすぐれた結果を示し, methyl, ethyl基よりphenyl基の方が防炎加工には最も適切であることがみとめられた.

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In recent years, consumers have become increasingly aware of bacterial eradication in household laundering. As a result, a number of detergents carry the indication “For bacterial eradication” on their packages. We attempted to evaluate the bacterial eradication effect of detergents and bactericidal products and explored relevant study designs. It was found that washing test apparatuses, test clothes and methods for evaluating washing ability have already been set as part of the test for color fastness against washing (JIS L0844) and the test for synthetic detergents (JIS K3362). However, it was also found that a specified washing test apparatus would be necessary to perform the recommended microbial test and that considerable time and effort would be needed to prepare the contaminated clothes (JIS C9606 Annex 4 and artificially contaminated wet cloth of the Science Association). We therefore explored methods at laboratory level to develop a simpler bacterial eradication test for washing.
We evaluated ordinary detergents marketed by detergent manufacturers and those labeled “For bacterial eradication” and also investigated the effect of bactericidal products with silver content.
It was found that Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive coccus, was eradicated more satisfactorily by the soaps labeled “For bacterial eradication” than ordinary soaps. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacillus, showed no difference in eradication level between the two types. Bactericidal washing products containing silver showed sufficient bactericidal effect against both species. We conclude that these findings have established basic considerations for the standardization of bacterial eradication testing of detergents.

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Abstract: Liquid detergent has an increasing demand in North America, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia countries owing to its convenience to use and efficiency to clean. Alpha methyl ester sulfonates (α-MES), an anionic surfactant derived from palm oil based methyl ester, was reported to have lower manufacturing cost, good detergency with less dosage, excellent biodegradability, higher tolerance to hard water, and lower eco-toxicity as compared to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABS). LABS was known as the workhorse of the detergent industry in the 20^th century. Although palm-based α-MES was successfully used as the sole surfactant in powder detergent, there are still some unsettled technical issues related to phase stability and viscosity when using this anionic surfactant in heavy-duty

liquid detergent formulations. This paper will review not only the market overview of detergents, the application and performance of green surfactants in detergents but also will highlight the technical issues related to the application of palm-based α-MES in liquid detergent and some of the possible methods to overcome the formulation adversities.

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In previous studies, statistical method using distribution of detergent power and that of resistance of soil against washing was applied to analyze detergency of oily soil and solid particle soil. In this paper, this method was applied to an analysis of detergency of mixed soil. Artificially soiled cloth prepared by aqueous dispersion method was used as a mixed soil sample. Four-time consecutive washing tests were conducted under the same washing condition in Terg-O-Tometer using two kinds of detergent solution and distilled water. Change of removal efficiencies due to repetitive washing was used to determine the two distributions. Result shows that detergent power can be expressed as cumulative distribution function. In washing simulation using the cumulative distribution functions, the predicted removal efficiencies corresponded with experimental values. Moreover, the effect of soil aging on distribution of soil resistance against washing was found to move the distribution curve toward high resistance. These results show that the method using two statistical distributions can be applied to the detergency of mixed soil.

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クリーニング業は家内労働的,世襲的職業であるため定年制や社会移動が少なく,職域集団を対象とした疫学調査に適していると考えられる.しかしクリーニング業を対象とした疫学調査は非常に少なく,従事者を死因から調査した研究は,わが国では報告されていない.
本研究はクリーニング作業従事者の健康管理対策の基礎資料を得る目的で,全国クリーニング環境衛生同業組合連合会に加盟している組合員数33, 101名(1980年現在)のうち, 1971年から1980年までの10年間に生命共済制度に加入し死亡した1,711名を対象とし,死因調査を実施した.さらに同制度加入者で, 1979年から1981年までの3年間の死亡者517名に対しては,家族に死亡時の作業形態,個人習慣等に関する調査を実施し, 294名から回答を得た.その結果以下の結論を得た.
1) クリーニング作業従事者の虚血性心疾患を除く「その他の心疾患」,肝硬変を除く「その他の肝疾患」の死亡割合は,男女とも全国に比べ有意に高いことが認められた.
2) クリーニング作業従事者の悪性新生物の死亡割合は,部位別にみると一部の部位では全国との間に有意差が認められたが,全悪性新生物では有意差は認められなかった.
3) 非ドライクリーニング作業従事者の死亡割合と全国の死亡割合の間には有意差が認められなかったが,ドライクリーニング作業従事者では,「その他の心疾患」,「その他の肝疾患」の死亡割合は,全国に比べ有意に高いことが認められた.
4) 個人習慣としての飲酒,喫煙という危険因子を有する者を除いた場合でも,ドライクリーニング作業従事者の「その他の心疾患」,「その他の肝疾患」の死亡割合は,全国に比べ有意に高いことが認められた.
以上の成績から,ドライクリーニング作業で使用されている溶剤が,クリーニング作業従事者の死亡パターンに影響を与えていることが示唆され,この集団の健康管理上有益な資料が得られた.しかしドライクリーニングの溶剤としては,テトラクロロエチレン,石油系溶剤, 1,1,1-トリクロロエタン等が使用されているため,今後さらに使用溶剤,暴露期間,その他の環境要因を考慮するとともに死亡率を用いた死因解析を実施する必要があると考えられる.

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Decentralized water reclamation and reuse has been proposed in peri-urban areas of Bangkok where rapid urbanization and industrialization have been causing increases in water demand and water shortages. It was suggested that domestic greywater from and bath and shower wastewater containing low BOD are acceptable for reclamation and reuse by the residents in the area. Although the water contains high concentrations of surfactants, little is about known on their actual discharge loadings in Thailand. Therefore, the MBAS and LAS contents of commercial detergents, including liquid soap, shampoo, liquid dish soap and powdered soap were measured. The daily MBAS and LAS discharge loadings per person were estimated to be 4.44 g/p/d and 3.08 g/p/d, respectively by using daily usage of the detergents and their share factors obtained by a questionnaire survey in the previous study. Powdered detergent contributed the most to MBAS loadings, while liquid dish soap, shampoo and liquid soap were the next. The LAS loadings were primarily derived from liquid dish soap and powdered detergent. The decrease in the surfactant concentrations measured in drainages and canals suggested that biological treatment was applicable for the reclamation of greywater containing detergents.

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消費者テストでの利用を想定した簡易型洗浄試験システムとして, 250mLの洗剤液を含むビーカー中で円盤状攪拌子をマグネチックスターラーで回転させる方式の渦巻式モデル洗浄試験の可能性について検討した.洗浄率は湿式人工汚染 (5×5cm) の表面反射率で評価した.一度に洗う布の枚数, 汚染布の枚数, マグネチックスターラーの回転数などの洗浄条件について検討した後, 洗浄時間や洗剤濃度の影響について検討した.また市販の11種の洗剤の洗浄試験を繰り返し, 洗浄力の差を繰り返しのある二元配置法で評価した.
その結果, 布枚数が増えると洗浄率が高まり, その中の汚染布の枚数が増えると洗浄率が低下した.回転数は450rpm以上の洗浄で高い洗浄率が得られた.よって, 汚染布3枚に白布を2枚加えた5枚を450rpmの回転数で洗浄を行うのが適切と判断した.洗浄時間は10分間以上, 標準使用濃度で高い洗浄率が得られた.市販洗剤の洗浄試験の結果, 弱アルカリ性合成洗剤と粉石けんの間には差は認められず, 中性洗剤は両者よりも洗浄力が低い傾向が認められた.本法では特異な試験結果が認められなかったので, 適応範囲を限定した上での洗浄力評価法として採用できると判断した.

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最近市販されている家庭用洗濯洗剤の洗浄性や、洗浄にかかわる基礎的な性質について検討した。試料として粉末洗剤7種類、液体洗剤3種類、キューブ型、タブレット型、シート型の新タイプ洗剤3種類を用いた。湿式人工汚染布を各洗剤の標準使用濃度中で、ターゴトメータを用いて10分間洗浄し、洗浄前後の布の表面反射率から洗浄効率を求めた。また、乳化力なども測定した。その結果、乳化力や起泡力などの基礎的な性質について大きな違いは見られなかった。一方、洗浄性は、従来から主流になっている粉末洗剤に比較して、キューブ型などの新タイプ洗剤はいずれも低い値を示した。

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衣類用洗剤の基本機能として、衣類の汚れ·臭気を落とすことが挙げられる。この臭気に関しては、皮脂·汗·食べこぼし等が原因物質であり、衣類の乾燥条件によってもその強弱に差が認められる。我々はその中でも室内干しの際に発生する臭気に着目し、臭気評価系の確立及び洗剤による除臭·抑臭を試みた。過湿状態で洗濯後の衣類を乾燥させることで室内干しの際に発生する臭気を再現した。また、酵素の効果的な活用により、衣類用洗剤に高い除臭効果(使用後衣類の臭気の除去)と抑臭効果(室内干し時に発生する臭気の抑制)とを付与できることを見出した。

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Since luancing the first compact powder detergent that had a dosage of 25 grams/30 liters, sales of these compact powders have taken over conventional powders and liquids. In the middle of 1990s have seen a further progress in compaction. At present ultra-compact detergents, having a dosage of 20 g/30 L and 15 g/30 L, have caputured a dominant market share.
   The spreading of compact and/or ultra-compact detergents has led to a change in consumption of surfactants. Although LAS is still a main ingredient for compact powders, alcohol ethoxylates and α-sulfo fatty acid esters have gained a stronger position in surfactant markets.
   Other recent developments and trends include detergents formulated with bleach employing various types of bleach activators, which meet hygiene requirements and bleaching performance. Also, in 2000, tablet detergents and sheet type detergent have also been introduced into the Japanese market.
   In the fabric softener market, concentrated products are gradually becoming dominant. Most of them are sold in eco-type packages, which make a significant contribution to save resources. As well, a readily biodegradable softening agent has been employed as a main ingredient in Japan.
   Another exciting major innovation has been seen in bleach. Since 1990, the use of liquid oxygen bleach has been increasing steadily. In 1996, the first liquid oxygen bleach, formulated with a long alkyl chain activator satisfying both superb bleaching performance and activator stability, was launched. It has gained a strong position in the market.

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日本の家庭洗濯における重要な問題を見いだすため, 日本全国から無作為に抽出した69世帯で, 洗濯実態調査と普段のままの条件における実用着用-洗濯実験を行った。この調査期間中に洗濯された衣料の71%は純綿, 14%は木綿-合繊混紡であった。平均1.6kgの衣料が57.1 ppm CaCO₃の硬度の洗剤液中で室温で洗濯されていた。 40 d の試験期間中に衣料の種類に応じ, 平均13.9から14.7回の着用-洗濯が行われた。
供試した木綿肌着は上記条件で, 特別な添加剤や酵素を含まない供試噴霧乾燥粉末重質洗剤で洗濯された。25世帯から回収された木綿肌着に残留した汚れの量は次の通り;平均14.7回の着用-洗濯の最後に洗濯されないで回収された場合, 残留皮脂量, 27.4mg/g衣料;残留タンパク量, 3.3mg/g衣料であった。最後に洗濯されて回収された場合, 残留皮脂量, 17.0mg/g衣料;残留タンパク量, 0.9mg/g衣料。最後に洗濯された, されないにかかわらず, 木綿肌着中の残留皮脂量は, 残留タンパク量に比べより密接に着用-洗濯回数と相関関係があった。また, 残留皮脂量が大きくなる程, 木綿肌着の黄ばみを表すb値は直線的に増加した。残留タンパク量とb値との相関は残留皮脂量とb値のそれより低かった。皮脂で汚れた木綿下着類は日本の家庭洗濯において最も清浄にしにくい洗濯物のひとつである。

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本論文はクリーニング事業所での排水処理に関する研究報告である.
この事業所での排水は本洗い, すすぎ, のりずけの3種類に大別でき, これら排水を平均孔径8.5×10^-3μmの限外ろ過膜と2.0×10^-1μmの精密ろ過膜でそれぞれ処理した.その結果, 精密ろ過処理した排水と限外ろ過処理した排水とでは差異がみとめられず, 本洗い排水の有機成分 (TOC) は98%除去できた.しかし, のりずけ排水でのTOCは精密ろ過膜ではほとんど除去できなかった.
水質レベル向上として, TOC残存量の減少と洗濯用水としての水硬度成分Mg²⁺イオンとCa²⁺イオンとの除去に焦点をしぼり, 前者に対しては活性炭, 後者に対しては合成ゼオライトによる吸着除去をすすぎ排水に対して試みた.その結果, 吸着剤による高度処理水の水質は用水のそれらの値にきわめて近い値, すなわちTOCで24・3mg/l, Mg²⁺イオンで0.03mg/l, Ca²⁺イオンでは0.09mg/lを示した.

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