The purpose of this paper is to consider the citizenship in the National Congress of Mothers through analyzing the social changes and the contemporary thoughts in the United States. The results of this study are as follows.

(1) Child-rearing was regarded as national issue for the National Congress of Mothers. They were so affected by Harvard Spencer's Education that they initiated the parent education movement.

(2) "Character-building" was considered the principal objective of child-rearing for the National Congress of Mothers. Then, the "character-building" meant formation of moral sense inside children them selves. Therefore, the National Congress of Mothers placed a special emphasis on the "self-control", not the "obedience" in the moral education of childhood.

(3) "Character" connoted a sense of belonging to the United States, as the public schools came to undertake the Americanization for the boys and girls whose parents were immigrants. The National Congress of Mothers thought that the "character-building" was not only the formation of moral sense but also the cultivation of the "citizenship". They expected the public schools to be "the nurseries of citizenship".

Dolch wrote a book "Lehrplan des Abendlandes" about the history of "Lehrplan" from antiquity to the 19th century. The purpose of this paper is to clarify why and how he studied about "Lehrplan" historically, and to consider the significance of "Lehrplan des Abendlandes".

First, his background of study and his position at that time in Germany were considered through surveying all his life. After this consideration, his methodology of study on "Lehrplan" was overviewed. Finally, the significance of "Lehrplan des Abendlandes" was considered through analyzing the structure of this book.

As a result, the following are clarified:

· Dolch's methodology was based on „Geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik". However, he tried to satisfy the demand of „Erziehungswissenschaft" in his historical study.

· This book, written on the basis of Dolch's methodology, clarifies the function of "Lehrplan" each time.

· Dolch recognized that the origin of European "Lehrplan" was the education of the antiquity.

· Dolch insisted against the Anglo-Saxon "Curriculum" that it was significant that "Lehrplan" contained the more worthy matters.

Dolch's Curriculum studies show that European "Lehrplan", which makes a point of "lehren", should be appreciated today.

This paper considers "Dynamic Assessment", which is a method of assessing learners, and based on the concept of "Zone of Proximal Development". The dynamic assessment is implemented in the interactions of evaluators and learners, clarifying how learners are engaged in the problem-solving processes, and clarifies learner's possibilities in learning.

In this paper, two case studies are considered. One is a dynamic assessment in special education. It clarifies the learning possibility of a girl and proposes a way to instruct her. The other case study is curriculum-based dynamic assessment in junior high school. In this case, because interactions of evaluators and learners are described, we can see problem-solving processes and prompts. Based on these case studies, this paper examines how dynamic assessment is implemented in educational practices and it clarifies how to instruct children and how to implement dynamic assessment related to school curriculums. From these, the possibility of dynamic assessment as a educational method is considered.

This study examines the influence of class size, school size, gender of homeroom teachers, and regional characteristics on classroom climate in elementary and middle schools.

A total of 1,138 fifth-grade and 1,198 eighth-grade students in elementary and middle schools in four prefectures, in Japan were asked to fill in questionnaires concerning classroom climate.

Factor analyses revealed three major factors in classroom climate: (1) participation in roles, (2) cohesiveness of classes, and (3) well ordered behavior. In addition, each factor was analyzed by multiple regression analysis.

The study revealed that classroom climates in elementary schools were influenced by class size and regional characteristics. Increasing class size and urban atmospheres exerted a negative influence on elementary schools. On the other hand, in middle schools, classroom climate was negatively influenced by increasing school size. Thus, the study supports the idea that the class climate is influenced by factors that are regulated by the school and by the class itself.

近年，初等教育における英語教育が広く行われるようになってきている中で，その学習成果を中等教育以降の学習に活かすカリキュラムの開発が多くの国で課題となっている。オランダもそのような国の一つであり，1986年に初等教育における英語教育が必修化されてから20年余りに渡ってこの課題に取り組んでいる。1993年の教育改革以降，中等学校において場面や機能を中心としたコミュニケーション重視の教授法が定着してきたことは初等・中等教育において言語学習に関するアプローチ上の共有基盤を与えることになったが，連続性のあるカリキュラムが整備されるには至らなかった。その原因の一つとして，そのようなカリキュラムをデザインするための枠組みが欠如していたことが挙げられる。しかし現在では，ヨーロッパ協議会が2001年に示したCommon European Framework of Reference for Languages（Council of Europe, 2001）がまさにこの枠組みを提供しており，ヨーロッパ各国ではこの枠組みに準拠して開発されたEuropean Language Portfolio（ELP）を開発・普及することで異なる教育段階におけるカリキュラムの連続性を高めようとしている。本論文では，カリキュラムの連続性という観点からオランダの事例を取り上げ，ELPの果たす役割と課題について論じる。具体的には，教授・学習の成果に関する情報の共有，学習者を中心としたカリキュラムの共有，教授・学習におけるアプローチの共有という3つの観点から総合的に連続性が高められると期待される。

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Report of the Commission on Country Life, published in 1909, and to consider the role that the Report played in the history of agricultural extension in the U.S.. This Report is known for having pointed out rural problems and asserted development of the extension.

The Report suggested various proposals in order to commercialize farming and to cancel the gap between countryside and cities. In particular, the rural development by the promotion of agricultural extension work was emphasized. One of the biggest problems in farm villages was the low consciousness among farmers for building new rural society. The agricultural extension work went into a new stage in response to such indication of the Report. In practice of extension, the work was positively managed by the Farm Bureau Association, which consists of farmers. The aim of this system was that a farmer comes to consider the solutions of the country life problems as his duty.

In the process of institutionalization of the agricultural extension in the 1910s, the policy of the Report which cultivated community spirit among farmers was reflected. Simultaneously, from a viewpoint of such spirit, agricultural colleges were expected to change the perspective toward farmers' education and to support their learning. The relation between college and rural people has also entered into a new era in the meaning.

Dieser Aufsatz zielt darauf ab, den Begriff der Kinderpflege von Alice Salomon, die in der bürgerlichen Frauenbewegung vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in das 20. Jahrhundert hinein eine wichtige Rolle spielt, klarzumachen. Da vergleiche ich sie mit der Kinderpflege von Ärzte, und möchte auf den Charakter des Begriffs von Alice Salomon hinweisen.

Der Begriff der Kinderpflege von Alice Salomon war ein Teil der Sozialarbeit, der die Armen- und Waisenpflege, Krankenpflege, Gefangenenpflege, Arbeitsvermittelung, Wohnungs-pflege usw. miteinschließt. Zu dieser Zeit gab es auch die Kinderpflege ,die unter der Leitung von Ärzten ausgeführt wurde. Die zog die Erkenntnis nach sich, dass es für Säuglinge besser ist, in den ersten Monaten mit Muttermilch ernährt zu werden. Dagegen machte der Begriff von Alice Salomon jedoch alle Minderjährigen zum Objekt der Kinderpflege, und bedeutete die Fürsorge mit der Einrichtung. Salomon schrieb die Kinderpflege ins Konzept auf Grund der Kenntnis von Ärzten, bezweckte die Kinderpflege, die die Medizin, Wohlfahrt, Erziehung enthielt.