Photosensitive Redheaded Buntings (Emberiza bruniceps) were exposed to different artificial photoperiods, and continuous light (LL) and darkness (DD) . The daily photoperiods of 12, 13, 15 and 20 hr per day stimulate the gonadal development and the fattening; the rate of growth is however less in the birds exposed to 12 and 13 hr than those exposed to 15 and 20 hr. In contrast, 6L : 18D, 8L : 16D, 10L : 14D and 11L : 13D light regimes fail to stimulate such activities in 4 weeks. In LL, a gonadal-growth-involution cycle is apparent in a duration of 250 days; DD on the other hand, could not stimulate the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in a 175-day treatment. The results suggest that light is prerequisite for initiation of physiological processes (such as gonadal growth and fattening) in the Redheaded Buntings, and that this species has a definite photoperiodic threshold at between 11 and 12 hr photoperiod to its reproductive and metabolic activities. Further, a period of insensitivity (photorefractoriness) develops in buntings that are stimulated, similar to many north temperate birds.

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Tomatoes were grown four times with the application of farmyard manure (FYM, 5t and 50 t/10a) followed by growing tomatoes two times without FYM. Then the Changes in soil physical properties were examined.
Decrease in the ratio of solid phase and increase in the ratio of gaseous phase were observed with the application of FYM. The ratios of gaseous and liquid phase are higher in the plot with 50 t of FYM than in the plot with 5 t of FYM, and the ratio of solid phase was lower in the plot with 50 t of FYM.
Soil depth increased with the increasing amounts of FYM. The ratio of large soil aggregates became high by the successive application of 50 t of FYM and became low by the 5 t of FYM. Soil compactness of first layer loosened with the application of 50 t of FYM, while that in the plot with 5 t of FYM did not change.Soil of second layer became more compact with tomato cultivation, especially in the plot with 5 t of FYM. Permeability coefficient of the first layer in the plot with 50 t of FYM increased with tomato cultivation and decreased a little in the second layer. On the other hand, that of the first layer in the plot with 5 t of FYM increased up to the third cropping and dropped rapidly. That of the second layer decreased up to the third cropping.
Maximum water-holding capacity of the first layer of the soil after six croppings increased 14.6% in the plot supplied 50t of FYM and 3% in the plot with 5 t of FYM. The amounts of water of pF 0 to 1.7 and more than pF 3.0 were more in the plot with 50 t of FYM than in the plot with 5 t of FYM. These results obtained suggest that 5 t of FYM is not enough for soil improvement and 50 t of FYM has significant effects.

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Seeds ofPlantago asiaticawere collected from population growing in a certain site at the end of each month from July to November. The sampling seeds matured within the month when they were harvested, because all of the seeds matured in the preceding month had been previously taken off. When germination rates were determined a week after the begining of incubation, all lots of the seeds, regardless of the harverting month, maintained a high level of germination at 25°C under illumination.Incubating at 20°C under illumination or 25°C in darkness, the seeds harvested in autumn showed higher percentage of germination than the ones in summer.
The parental plants were exposed to four controlled environmental conditions, long day (LD : 16 hr photoperiod) -high temperature (HT : day/night temperature of 30/20°C), short day (SD: 8 hr photoperiod) -low temperature (LT : day/night temperature of 20/10°C), LD-LT and SD-ITT, during seed development and maturation. Despite of fructification under various environments, all lots of the seeds held a high level of germination at 25°C under illumination. Except the seeds matured in SD-LT, the germination of seeds incubated at 20°C under illumination or 25°C in darkness for a week resulted in low level or complete failure. The seeds matured in SD-LT were similar in germinative response to incubative conditions to the ones harvested in autumn. Autumn is naturally lower in temperature and shorter in day length than summer.
The day length and temperature to which the parental plant of plantain was exposed during development and maturation of seed effect to the following germination.

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