Ultra-microanalysis of isotopes is required to clarify the origin, structure, and history of extremely small samples, for example micrometeorites and aerosols. However, a decrease in the number of measured atoms reveals a serious problem in the concept of isotopic ratio. The first fundamental defect of the isotopic ratio concept is imperfect reversibility of numerator and denominator, leading to two isotopic compositions inconsistent with each other. Secondly, the probability distribution of isotopic ratio is not the same as the binominal distribution, indicating that the mean isotopic ratio is systematically higher than the true isotopic ratio. Since these demerits should be avoided in ultra-microanalysis as much as possible, isotopic abundance or relative isotopic abundance should be used rather than isotopic ratio. The concept of isotopic ratio is, however, widely used in geochemical and cosmochemical fields, making it very difficult to abandon. Therefore, the potential uncertainty of isotopic ratio and the gap between the obtained isotopic ratio and the true one deriving from the number of sampling atoms and the isotopic ratio are vigorously evaluated here. In addition, a confirmation requirement for confirming an anomalous isotopic ratio is provided. The statistical model shown in the present work clearly indicates that the major isotope must be set as the denominator of isotopic ratio, i.e. isotopic ratio must be below 1, to reduce the effects of distorted probability distribution of isotopic ratio. In the precise measurement of isotopes, the potential error and disagreement with the true value must be tested when the number of sampled atoms is extremely few. Serious problems have not been occurred in research up to the present even in the case of NanoSIMS measurements, but this is because a sufficient number of atoms was analyzed and only extremely large isotopic anomalies were investigated. The correction and evaluation methods established in this paper will be required for accurate ultra-microanalysis.

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The research in this manuscript investigated the differences between the Initial Edition and First Edition of Nijinotori by Shun Medoruma. The result shows that there were many differences between the Initial Edition published in Novel Tripper 2004 (Winter, Asahi-Shimbunsha) and First Edition Nijinotori in 2007 (Kage-shobou).The amount of differences totalled 469 passages, and most of them were the deletion of kanas which is relative to the different readers of the Initial Edition and First Edition, or small corrections. However, there are two very important points that needs to be addressed; the addition of a scene that older sister Hitomi is raped by an American soldier, and the portrayal of resemblances among Hitomi, Mayu and the victim of girl assault in 1995. These can be reflected upon the rebuttal against the point that implicates Hitomi portrayed as ‘human-hearted' in a change of Medoruma's ideas, which was referred in book reviews of the Initial Edition. Namely, such a critic without much thought that gives all hopes to Hitomi who maintains her ‘humanity' is refused by the addition of Hitomi's rape scene.

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In this paper, five texts in “Ainu shin-yo syu" which was translated by Yukie Chiri were investigated by the author. It is interpreted that the chiastic structure in Ainu oral literatures is one of the characteristic rhetoric expression styles. The author has judged that the data of the intersection antithesis introduced in this paper are useful knowledge for the investigations of life and culture in Ainu.

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A text "The mother and the father gave Wajin the son and have placed him" by Satamo Hiraga which Tamura recorded were selected in this paper. The appearance of chiastic structure was checked in the text. The chiastic structure which has 18 pairs of correspondences in a text was found out. The purpose of this paper is to show the data about the chiastic structure expressed by the text. Investigation is not made till the present from the viewpoint which measures the number of correspondences and the frequency of appearance of correspondence in the chiastic structure found out by Ainu oral literature.

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