This study aimed to understand the process used by each pupil in a class for special needs education to learn joint music lessons along with regular classes. The subjects of the study were third-grade boys enrolled in a class for children with intellectual disabilities. Teaching contents included in this study were “bouncing rhythm” with warabe uta (traditional Japanese nursery rhymes). For research, we extracted portions of verbatim video recordings of the subjects’ activities that markedly exhibited the efforts from the subjects in understanding the “bouncing rhythm.” We then analyzed how the subjects recognized the teaching content. The analysis results revealed that the children learned the teaching contents by expressing the “bouncing rhythm” through trial and error and by experiencing the nuances of the rhythm through their bodies while repeatedly singing and playing during music lessons. The learning process of the subjects was elevated by their experience with traditional Japanese nursery rhymes in their life outside the music class.

　The following approaches are suggested to be effective for children with intellectual disability to learn teaching contents in joint lessons (e.g., music): 1) providing educational materials that are derived from the children’s culture and connecting their life experience with learning; 2) incorporating physical and other activities as a means of complementing verbal recognition; and 3) sufficiently ensuring that the children perceive and understand the teaching contents by streamlining them.

　These findings indicated that because the learning process of the children with special needs varies individually, measures that suit the learning process of each child are necessary. Furthermore, in exchange and joint learning, measures must be implemented not only to instruct the children, both with and without intellectual disabilities, in joint lessons but also consider individual cognitive development of children with special needs.

　An utterance conveys not only the speaker’s current thought as information but also the concomitant emotion as an expression. Emotives are the forms of designating the distinctive manners of enveloping states of affairs in affective dimensions in sync with intonation and voice quality along with facial expressions and gestures. The present article argues that the emotives oh and ah are the markers which serve to make it manifest that the speaker is aware and simultaneously making the addressee aware that the state of affairs has noteworthy affective contextual significance. Whenever the import of an utterance is felt to be particularly meaningful or impressive, some sort of emotion is very likely to emerge. Keeping the speaker’s fleeting emotional states transparent via, among other emotives, oh and ah surely helps achieve close psychological ties between the participants. Oh and ah are associated with their own characteristic shades of feelings: specifically, oh with impulsive or responsive (thus dynamic) feelings, while ah with the static feelings of being absorbed in or savoring an emotion. Ah in addition typically involves underlying background assumptions comprising a variety of socio-cultural ideas and the interactants’ shared knowledge. Equally worth noticing is that oh and ah distinguish manners of saying by attributing to oh ‘lively’ enthusiasm against ah, which implicates ‘contented’ reflection. Furthermore, in everyday talk exchanges oh is sensitive to the cause of awareness related to a) the opening of a discourse, b) intensification, c) prominent informativeness of the interlocutor’s utterance, d) the speaker’s shift of cognitive state, e) a cognitive gap between the participants, or f) anomaly in the interlocutor’s utterance, whereas ah mirrors awareness of an emerging state of affairs (as in the fulfillment of understanding or empathy with a speech situation) or of the relevance to a background assumption. Focusing on the inherent subjectivity of oh and ah, this article departs sharply from the previous studies typified by the information management theory and the proposal of a change of cognitive state, whose main concern has been the nonaffective mechanisms of verbal interactions.

The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the United States, is a world-famous museum, and also called the Oriental Art Hall of Fame. The oriental art collection was maintained by Okakura Tenshin (named Kakuzo, 1862-1913), who was enrolled from 1904 until 1913 when he passed away.

Okakura had an excellent academic knowledge, however he wasn’t familiar with Chinese studies, so he deepened his knowledge of Chinese studies with the help of his friend Nagao Uzan (1864-1942), who formed a friendship with “The last literati in China” Wu Changshuo (1844-1927). When he lived in Shanghai.

I stayed in Boston as a visiting scholar at Boston University for one year since April 2015, and had the opportunity to conduct research on materials about Okakura and Nagao at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Then, in the library of the Chinese and Japanese Art Department, I surveyed 226 old Chinese books purchased, and created the list. It was included that 39 old Chinese books owned by Okakura.

In this article, I introduced and analyzed the old Chinese book collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. I hope that this article will reveal some of Okakura's achievements accomplished.

1. Introduction

Consumer’s shopping behavior has become complex in the multichannel environment, which includes physical stores and internet stores. This behavior is influenced by the increase of the internet and smartphones. Showrooming and reverse showrooming can be positioned and mentioned as a complex behavior. Apparel retailers develop a store format, called “omnichannel retailing” in order to adapt to the consumer’s complex behavior in the multichannel environment. In the context of multichannel retailing, it is a trend that consumers often check out products in the physical store to search information for a better deal, but make the purchase in the internet store .This behavior by consumer (showroomer) is referred to as “showrooming”. On the other hand, the behavior that consumer (reverse showroomer) check out products in the internet store, but make the purchase in the physical store , is referred to as “reverse showrooming”.

Perceived risk is likely to have an influence on the multichannel shopper’s behavior.

The purpose of this study is to investigate for the multichannel shoppers (showroomer and reverse showroomers) about a correlation between the satisfaction with information and the satisfaction with reduction of perceived risk in the physical store .

2. Experimental

Using a sample of 628 responses (20’s-50’s women) , which were obtained via web-based survey to investigate consumer’s searching information activities and purchasing behavior for apparel products. The research model was tested using the analysis of covariance structures.

3. Results and Discussions

The empirical investigation shows a correlation between the satisfaction with information (through internet and physical store) and the satisfaction with reduction of perceived risk, for multichannel shoppers. Additionally, the satisfaction with reduction of perceived risk about product performance , is likely to have an influence on their purchasing behavior. This study suggests the implication for marketing activities of the apparel retailers towards multichannel shoppers and a direction for the future research.

In this article, I discuss the political implication of presenting Staël as either "the mother of liberalism" or "the mother of the doctrine", two expressions coined in 1932 by Albert Thibaudet, a prominent political scholar of the Third Republic. Thibaudet called Staël “the mother of the doctrine” when highlighting her family and social relations with the doctrinaires, including the duc de Broglie and “the mother of liberalism” when emphasizing the relevance of her political thought to Benjamin Constant. While the former label was important in the 1930s and in the aftermath of the WW2, the latter label took an increased importance after the 1990s within the re-emergence of studies on French liberalism. As a result, I see a tension in the way Staël was related principally with the group of doctrinaires in the interwar period and after 1945 and with Constant and the Coppet group in the post-cold war period.

One common point of both periods and until today, is that Staël’s political thought has not been taken up frontally. Although the tendency to characterize her as “mother” within the history of political thought seems to suggest some respect for her role as a female political thinker, I argue that these expressions are in fact a misogynous strategy to sideline her from the history of political thought. This strategy is particularly clear with Thibaudet. At the same time, gender free studies on Staël also started under the Third Republic with Edouard Herriot. He dealt with an unpublished political essay of Staël, discovered at the turn of the century, before he moved on to a very successful political career with the radical party, a moderate centrist party.

To conclude, I lay main emphasis on the positive reception of Staël’s political thought among libéraux of the Third Republic. Despite their misogynous aspects, it is undeniable that men such as Thibaudet, Herriot and Aron learned considerably from Staël’s political thought, and I would like to deepen my discussion on this point in the future.

　Tea is tied to water. In Chinese tea culture, the appraisal of water quality, water ranking, discussion of water used in tea and the judgement standards and grading results are collectively called “water grading”.

　Based on ancient documents, the paper studies water grading characteristics in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties and the evolution of water grading culture. In the paper, water quality appraisal behaviors and results are called “water grading practice” and the judgement standards “water grading criteria”.

　In the field of studies on tea culture, there is little study on epochal character and evolution of water used in tea. In addition, historical records of famous water sources always contradict each other. For instance, there is contradiction over whether light water or heavy water is better for making tea, but most researchers haven’t noticed the contradiction. Some have noticed but abstained from the question. As a matter of fact, such contradictions are the result of changes in aesthetic consciousness about water used in tea. In this sense, the paper is the first systematic study of water used in tea.

　Through analysis of historical documents including tea books and poems, the paper comes to the following conclusion on evolution of water used in tea: in terms of water grading practice, such practices were active in Tang and Ming dynasties but relatively conservative in Song and Qing dynasties; in terms of water grading criteria, people in Tang and Ming dynasties believed heavy water was better for tea, while people in Song and Qing dynasties preferred light water. In the end, the paper lists the reasons for dynasty-skipping succession of water used in tea.

Kotaka Otsuma is an author of many books whose topics range from school education to housewifery and women in general. She has also broadened the basis of home economics education in the Taisho to Showa period. Currently, among her works, 31 books from the library of Otsuma Women's University Library have been digitally archived and published as the “Kotaka Otsuma’s Collection”. Although this collection is important to understand the achievements of Kotaka Otsuma and various aspects of school education in her time, it is not well known to the public and has not been utilized effectively due to the website that was not designed based on an efficient browsing method. This study aimed to propose a method to use the “Kotaka Otsuma’s Collection” effectively through the design of a new website and the restoration of the works by students. As for the method, I first examined five existing websites that use digital archives and created three types of test sites: a museum database type, a social media type, and a general homepage type. Based on a survey on the three sites for students, I found that the general homepage type with many images is suitable for students to perceive the general outline of “Kotaka Otsuma’s Collection” because they can view and browse the content easily. Also, linking multiple websites increased the site recognition level, which led to an increase in the number of viewers. I also concluded that it is useful to actively incorporate digital archives in educational settings, such as work restoration, as a means to deepen the students’ learning experiences.

     This study explores the issue of white identity defined as European-descended white, in the Caribbeanisland of Trinidad, and examination of what makes people consider themselves “white” and different fromno-white “others”, and what constitutes their whiteness in relation to non-whites. In August 2017 and February 2018, oral history interviews were conducted in Trinidad with adult participants who consider themselves white and who are considered white by other whites. The stories shared by the participants suggest 1. Awareness of the differences in physical features and social class from non-white “others”, 2. enforced-awareness of responsibility and accountability for slave trades and slavery in the colonial days, and 3. harassment and bullying by non-white “others” based on the difference in physical features and the colonial “sin” as slave owners, are the elements that contribute to the construction of white identity as European-descended white in Trinidad.

        In the VOCA Exhibition 2015, a conceptual artist, Yuki Okumura, tried to submit a conceptual artwork but it was rejected by the committee. By examining the dispute between Okumura and the committee and considering on the history of VOCA and the concept of “flat” in the prescription from VOCA, I pick up some aesthetic questions from this incident; How should we identify the author of an artwork? Is it possible to change the author of an artwork by changing the view on it? After dealing these question, I suggest a principle of limitation on author’s achievement and responsibility: Where plural people are involved in making an artwork, it is not possible to attribute authorship of the work only to a person in a category while recognizing some artistic achievement and responsibility of other person in the same category.

　Few surveys have ever been conducted on tracing user behavior in libraries; and hence few analyses of user behavior based on such surveys are available. The phenomena are attributable to the difficulty to acquire user behavior information by using an observation method. In this experiment, I aim to find out whether wireless technology can be used to obtain the card (with IC tag) information of a user who moves around in a library. For this, I have used an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) equipment already used by libraries. I have chosen this equipment because it is readily available and the equipment already in use can be easily put into further uses. This being a basic experiment, I limited the scope of my investigation to 1) analyzing the characteristics of the antenna that receives the card information (i.e. specifying the reception range), 2) identifying the conditions that obtain between the antenna and the card to acquire the user information, and 3) to spot the antenna positions that lead to acquiring the information of users who roam among bookshelves. I have found that 1) the antenna used in the library (the flat kind in use on a desk at the time of lending and returning) has high directivity, and card information can be acquired only in a narrow range; 2) a way needs to be devised to keep the card in some distance from the human body, for the RFID equipment employed this time, which uses UHF waves, are strongly affected by moisture; and 3) user behavior information can be acquired by adjusting the angle and height of the antenna. I propose 3) as a solution to 2). However, since user movement was traced in a relatively narrow range in this experiment, I believe multiple antennas need to be used to supplement each other. I conclude that it is possible to acquire the information on the movement of library users with existing equipment; and that it takes some adjusting of the antenna characteristics (including change of antenna models).

I reflect upon our contemporary feminist implications of Germaine de Staël’s novel Corinne or Italy by focusing on its mythical characters. Previous studies have related Corinne, the novel’s female protagonist, to the classic figure of Sibyl in ancient Rome, an interpretation reinforced by painters such as Il Domenichino and Francois Gerard. However, even though this analysis can account for Corinne's beautiful appearance, mythical presence, and distinguished talent as an improvisor, I argue that it neglects one key element of the novel―that a woman of special talent cannot be happy in modern society because it allocates women to the strictly prescribed social roles of a good wife and mother.

Staël was actually inspired to write this novel after seeing a very popular German opera entitled Saal River Nymph. In this paper, I will demonstrate that Corinne is actually comparable to the main character of Saal River Nymph in many respects. I will analyze Staël’s reflection on German comedy in On Germany, her own famous literary and cultural criticism of Germany. In particular, I will draw attention to the fact that Staël found that this particular version of Saal River Nymph was in possession of not only magics but also the superior mind while cynically noting that the man who left the superior Saal River Nymph and ended up with an ordinary woman without specific talent was inevitable, since the couple were compatible in terms of intelligence and moral superiority. Staël then replaced this story in a nineteenth-century bourgeois novel and denounced the patriarchal system inherent in modern civil society. Thus, Staël’s opinion of Saal River Nymph does not have a medieval origin but remains very modern. For this reason, Staël’s Corinne or Italy successfully contrasts German romanticism in an Italian context. In addition, Staël focuses on the female protagonist’s inner dilemma about her quest for freedom as an artist rather than on her outer appearance.

Finally, this finding leads to the conclusion that, at the turn of the century, mythical characters did not exclusively serve the purpose of nationhood or volk. Female mythical characters such as the Saal River Nymph represented a universal feminist protest against a male-dominated society, as well as a male-centered parliamentary system and public opinion. As such, these characters serve as a bridge to our contemporary political values.

     Children must understand the tentativeness of scientific knowledge to comprehend the Nature of Science. The method by which children understand the tentativeness of science must first be identified. Recent research suggests it is difficult for children to understand scientific creativity in Japan and that only inquiry learning cannot facilitate further understanding.

     In Nepal, children take science classes based solely on memorizing knowledge from the third grade. We conducted research based on the revised NSKS (Nature of Scientific Knowledge Scale) test for eleventh-grade students in Nepal to clarify how they understood science tentativeness. Moreover, this research is relevant to science classes in Japan.

     The results suggest that students did not understand the tentativeness of scientific knowledge, especially scientific creativity. The results agreed with those of primary school students, junior high school students, and university students in Japan.

     The purpose of this paper is to research a multichannel shopper’s satisfaction with visual merchandising (VMD) and an influence on reduction of perceived risk. This paper investigate multichannel shopper’s searching information activities and purchasing behavior for apparel products via web-based survey. The research model was tested using the analysis of covariance structures. The empirical investigation shows the satisfaction with VMD is likely to have an influence on reduction of perceived risk. This study suggests the implication for VMD of the apparel retailers and a direction for the future research.

　　This article focuses on record concerts held by public halls, civic music halls or community centers in Japan. These listening practices are created as new local communities for senior citizens. Using a research method of life history interview in sociology, this study sheds light on how historical and physical experience of listening practices have been shared among participants of local record concerts. Dividing the participants into three types, this study analyses how the first type participants, i.e., audiophiles have been socialized through life stories of practicing music listening and using music media. It is revealed that audiophiles put importance on exchanging approval among members, achieving social contribution for local communities, or acquiring social capital through attending local record concerts.

“Pointing and calling” refers to pointing at important indicators and calling out the name and status for the purpose of safety confirmation and human error prevention. In Japan, pointing and calling is recommended in every industry as an effective safety measure, and it is widely practiced in medical settings and manufacturing. This study examined changes in the degree of physical and mental fatigue and the amount of human error with the increase in amount of pointing and calling in an actual production line at a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant. We measured the degree of fatigue of the arms, mouth, eyes, and feet, and mental fatigue of 30 workers at a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant in the Fukushima Prefecture at the end of a work day over the span of 10 days using a visual analogue scale. Next, the workers were asked to perform three times as much pointing and calling as they usually did. The degree of fatigue was similarly measured for 10 days and then compared with the previous results. In comparison with the period during which the usual amount of pointing and calling was performed, the degree of fatigue of the arms and eyes and mental fatigue significantly increased during the period when the amount of pointing and calling was increased threefold (p <0.05). No significant change in the degree of fatigue of the mouth and feet was observed. Further, no human error occurred during the entire period of this study. The findings suggest that increasing the amount of pointing and calling may increase the degree of fatigue experienced by workers, while it may not affect the amount of human error in the short term. However, the period of observation (20 days) in this study may not have been sufficient to capture adequately the changes in the amount of human error. The relation between the amount of pointing and calling and human error needs to be examined further by conducting long-term observations.

   This study aimed to reveal the degree and the mechanism of the softening of kombu after boiling in the presence of various organic acids, (i.e. oxalic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and lactic acid) commonly found in vegetables. After boiled in 10 mM organic acid solutions, the kombu was subjected to the measurement of rupture stress. The amounts of polysaccharides possessing uronic acid skeleton and the Calcium (Ca) eluted in each organic acid solution were also measured. As a result, oxalic acid significantly softened the kombu and the oxalic acid solution contained more amounts of polysaccharides possessing uronic acid skeleton compared to the other organic acids examined, while the amount of Ca was comparable to the control.

   Confirmation experiment was conducted using of different concentration of oxalic acid and EDTA・2Na (EDTA) solutions, to study the relationship between the softening of kombu and Ca efflux, and the behavior of Ca when kombu was boiled in oxalic acid solution. As a result, Ca efflux increased as concentration of EDTA solution increased, but the oxalic acid solution was not.

   These results suggested that the difference in the degree of softening of kombu caused by the organic acids in vegetables was related to the acidity constant of each organic acid and pH of solution. In addition, it was shown that the softening of kombu by the organic acid solution might be caused by the release of calcium from calcium alginate. It was suggested that kombu was boiled in oxalic acid solution, Ca and oxalic acid formed salts and remained in kombu.

  In order to secure workers in social welfare services, support for their leisure activities and daily lives has been attracting attention. However, the priority of facility directors' responses on benefits in the Care Work Foundation Center's survey is lower, and the cost of leisure activities has declined since the bursting of the bubble. On the other hand, a survey by Federation of Economic Organizations shows that although the need for benefits is increasing, there is a gap in the actual attitudes toward benefits between facility directors and general staff. In this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with six managerial staff members of welfare facilities who recommended club activities by their employees as a welfare program, and analyzed them by M-GTA in order to clarify the purpose of recommending club activities, and the effects of human resource development and prevention of job separation. As a result, in human resource development at welfare facility A, the management staff did not overlook trivial changes in the staff, but provided support and watched over them to enable them to act on their own initiative, and also took time to train their successors through club activities. However, the management staff of welfare facility A did not realize that club activities prevented the staff from leaving the welfare facility. Club activities at A welfare facility allowed the staff to participate in the club activities on an equal footing, and the communication between the staff members increased because the content of the activities was preferred by the staff members. These factors may have increased the cohesiveness of the staff and led to continuous service, which may have resulted in a decrease in the staff turnover rate. It remains to be clarified what welfare needs are in other facilities and what measures are taken to prevent employee turnover.

   Reading skill plays an integral role in furthering one's Japanese learning. To foster students' motivation to read, the effects of extensive reading using journal entries have been examined in past studies. This paper examines the relationship between reading journals and students' motivation to read, through a 5-week period reading project. Participants were given multiple short reading materials for Japanese learners and tasked to take notes of their learning outcomes in detail. Data from journal entries and surveys before and after the project were analyzed to observe any internal changes participants experienced. The pre-study survey illustrated mixed feelings towards reading in Japanese: while the majority expressed positive attitudes towards reading in Japanese, their level of confidence in reading in Japanese was not high. Participants identified limited grammatical and Kanji knowledge as reasons for their low confidence. The 5-week reading project gave participants an opportunity to read all on their own, using contexts and illustrations as clues. The post-study survey showed that the majority of the participants enjoyed being part of the project, and now feel motivated to continue reading in Japanese, despite still facing difficulties with Kanji. Their confidence level saw an overall increase.

　This paper analyzes the enrollment status of basic education schools in Myanmar as a whole, including national basic education schools under the Department of Basic Education, Ministry of Education, monastic schools and private schools using the most recent educational statistics.

　Looking at the enrollment status of the national basic education schools regarding the advancement rate, the repetition rate, and the dropout rate, there was a clear improvement in enrollment in all grades, except in the high school courses under the current administration since AY 2016, not only compared to the military administration, but also compared to the previous administration since AY 2011. Especially in KG, the conventional high dropout rate has become almost 0%, partly because it is no longer compulsory.

　Dropout students may be divided, depending on the timing. More than half of the dropouts occurred at the end of the academic year at Grade 4 and above. Until Grade 3 and below, there used be a certain number of students who repeated the same grade, and there was a strong tendency for those students to drop out from school. However, the number of students who repeated the same grade decreased, particularly in the lower grades of primary school courses, and the number of students who advanced to the next grade increased. However, the percentage of students who dropped out of school by the end of the next academic year after they advanced to the next grade has increased.

　The repetition rates of monastic schools and private schools were extremely low in all grades. From the viewpoint of the dropout rate, especially in private schools, the calculated dropout rate showed a large negative value for all grades. This indicated that the inflow from outside of the private school system was large in each grade. The main source of the inflow was the outflow from the national basic education schools, which has been classified as dropout in the educational statistics thus far. In particular, many students transferred from national basic education schools to private schools when they went to middle school courses and high school courses. In addition, many transfers from Grade 10 to Grade 11 were also observed in monastic schools. Moreover, these large inflow schools were overwhelmingly located in the urban area. Having a dormitory also helped the transfer. High school courses in some monastic schools and many private schools have actually become college preparatory schools and have been advanced, particularly in Grade 11.

　The poems are about tea are an important part of Chinese tea culture, as well as indispensable materials used to study the tea culture.

　Through sorting and analyzing 606 poems about tea in the Tang Dynasty, the paper holds the view that the tea culture in the Tang Dynasty included the following 24 categories of contents, i.e. the ways to use tea, the forms of drinking tea, the ways to drink tea, tea specialists, the effects of drinking tea, tea and alcohol, tea smoke, water used to make tea, the duration of cooking, famous tea and places of origin, tribute tea, tea trade, tea taxes and decrees, tea desserts, historical stories, new concepts, tea set, tea drinking acts and behaviors, the color, fragrance and taste of tea, the ideology and spirit of drinking tea, the characteristics and cultivation of tea plants, the production and package of tea, tea drinking environment and others.

　The paper compares the contents of tea culture contained in the poems about tea with the contents of Tea Classics, and draws the conclusion that the “ideology and spirit” as part of the tea culture in the Tang Dynasty were basically built on the poems about tea. Besides, the paper also summarizes the aesthetic orientations of those drinking tea in the Tang Dynasty.

　Although tea porridge has never been the mainstream of Chinese tea culture, it has been seen in every time along with the tea culture. While studying Chinese tea culture, I find that the concept and forms of tea porridge vary with the times.

　The paper is aimed to clarify the forms of tea porridge in ancient times, and through analyzing the historical changes of the concept about tea porridge, study the essence of tea porridge and the influence of tea porridge on the mainstream tea culture in China.

　Through field investigations and literature analysis, I draw the main conclusions as follows:

【1】The period before Wei and Jin Dynasties and Wei and Jin Dynasties: Thick soup stewed with fresh tea leaves was the mainstream and entered the market as a commodity.

【2】Tang Dynasty: Stewed thick tea soup was called “tea porridge”.

【3】At the end of the Tang Dynasty and in the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Tea porridge with dried fruits and nuts enriched the categories of tea porridge. Tea porridge covered tea food, additive tea and pure tea soup, etc.

【4】Song Dynasty: Tea porridge was used more to describe “the tea foams formed in tea preparation”.

【5】After the Ming Dynasty: Tea porridge was gradually viewed as “tea food” and differentiated from pure tea.

　Looking at the distribution of schools from the number of students, there were many extremely small schools where the number of students was less than 100. If the school is too small, it is difficult to make even a principal’s office and a teachers' room as well as special rooms for quality education such as a library, a computer room, a laboratory, a LL, etc. The small size of the school prevents effective and efficient use of school buildings.

　From the results of the regression analyses, schools with good access and close to TEO (Township Education Office) as well as established schools had a high proportion of special rooms. The previous analyses showed that the number and quality of teachers in these schools were high, and educational conditions were also better in terms of facility. Differing educational conditions among the schools is problematic when seen from the viewpoint of equal educational opportunities.

　The primary school and the high school courses will increase by one grade due to the educational system reform. Therefore, new classrooms will be needed. If students in the new grades increase at each school, it will require minimum a one-unit school building; and the current school buildings will need to increase by a maximum of 24.06%. Even if space is not provided for small student increases, and the increase in space is limited to the minimum requirement, it is still necessary to increase the current school buildings by 13.83%. Construction of new classrooms must be completed by 2028 when the reformed new educational system is completed. However, this seems to be difficult in terms of not only the cost, but also the construction period and the number of schools nationwide. Even if priorities are decided and steady construction is achieved, many schools will be forced to temporarily implement a new two-shift system. In contrast, this provides a good opportunity to think about the appropriate size of schools and efficient and effective regional school configuration plans given the large number of school buildings that need to be expanded.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the qualitative career assessment tool, “My Systems of Career Influences (Adolescent)” in Japan and future challenges. We conducted seven career education sessions using the MSCI with 19 Japanese college students. In a questionnaire survey administered to the students after these sessions, the average score for the “Significance of MSCI” (7-point scale) was 5.58 (SD: .84), indicating that the tool can be effectively applied to college students in Japan. Two challenges were identified with regard to its application in Japan: 1) Identifying the factors that make it difficult to recognize the influences at the Environmental-Societal Level and developing support approaches; and 2) Developing support approaches that take into account the mindsets of Japanese adolescents, who, in comparison with their peers in other countries, tend to feel less optimistic about their future and feel that they have less control over their lives.

　A questionnaire survey was conducted in February to April 2017 of university graduates under the distance education program in 2016. Unlike students studying at university campuses in regular courses, the students at distance education universities have relatively flexible study times, which allow them to work while studying at the university. 49.6% of graduates worked prior to entering the universities; and this ratio increased during the time they were students, and reached 72.8 % after graduation.

　The purpose of their choice of courses was rather clear such as acquisition of knowledge and skills, future promotions, obtaining a higher degree, and interest in the content of the study. Those, who had jobs before entering universities, tended to choose courses relevant to their work. They evaluated university education somewhat highly because they more or less understood the lectures, the content of the education was relevant to their interest, and they were satisfied with the education. In terms of the types of lectures available, the intensive course and the content and quality of the lectures were evaluated somewhat highly; and the respondents were satisfied and felt they were effective. They thought that the university education helped developed various capabilities to some extent, but development of creativity and an international perspective was rather weak.

　In terms of general satisfaction with the university, the female respondents showed higher satisfaction than male respondents. In terms of employment, respondents who continued their education, respondents who had the same/similar work prior to enrollment, and graduates of the “Practical Arts” such as “English” and “Economics” course were generally more satisfied than respondents in other courses. The perceptual factors contributing positive satisfaction were the sense that “Lectures were useful and satisfactory,” “The course was recommended/relevant to work,” and “I had a clear purpose for choosing the course.” The sense of “I had a difficulty in my studies” contributed negatively.

　This paper empirically describes a gradual development of European Union's (EU’s) Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), in order to examine the explanatory power of Liberal Intergovernmentalism (LI).

　LI provides us with a tool to understand EU's institutional choices, in other words, integration, by focusing on (1) national preference formation, (2) interstate bargaining, and (3) institutional choice. After the EU and its member states tackled the financial and fiscal crisis and launched a plan to complete a genuine EMU, some scholars of LI highlighted that the policy preference of Germany, as the creditor of the EU, influenced the outcome of negotiations / institutional choices.

　However, all the decisions taken by EU and its member states are not concluded by German's interests. For example, European Central Bank's decision of an Outright Monetary Transactions contributed to calm down the crisis, though Germany opposed to the decision. Also, LI must show why a certain institutional solution was accepted by other member states and such a solution was understood as "lowering transaction costs". But LI's theoretical scope is static and short-time: LI explains a current institutional choice by the current national preference formation and interstate bargain at that time. It would be difficult to exhibit that member states learned from previous events and came to understand that a newly launched solution would contribute to lower the transaction costs of themselves. Therefore, this paper casts doubts on LI's arguments and analysis on the institutional choice after crisis, and exhibits the historical development of European Economic and Monetary Union.

　The history of Economic and Monetary Union tells us that every institutional choice of European monetary / currency issue was not made of a single member state's preference. In the cases of the Werner Report (the itinial plan for the economic and monetary union), the Snake, the European Monetary System, and the launch of Euro, member states' preferences were accepted / adopted partially and institutional designs in these cases were partial solutions to the questions at that times: integration was partially achieved and therefore integration was developed gradually. And what should be noted is that international financial market, especially speculation, might be both triggers of the crisis and judges to the European solutions to the crisis. These empirical findings imply that we have to consider other factors, for example, international political and economic environment, other than national governments and EU institutions, in order to analyze and explain the gradual development, in other words, stop and go, of European integration.

 In this study, first, we will continuously conduct participant observations and questionnaire surveys in Minamisanriku and Kesennuma in order to understand the actual situation and changes in the long-term reconstruction process after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Next, by visualizing the relational structure based on the mutual cooperation trust relationship between the various parties involved in the reconstruction of the disaster area by the "digital networking model", we will verify the current state of the reconstruction process and clarify the problems.

     The specific research method is as follows.

     1. Questionnaire survey of visitors from Minamisanriku Town "Minamisanriku Fukko Ichi (a disaster area recovery event)" and "Sansan Shotengai (a reconstruction shopping street)" and Kesennuma City "Umi no Ichi (a tourist facility)"

     2. Participant observation by various " Haiboshi (specialty products of fish or meat that is deodorized, dried and matured by volcanic ash and refrigerator)" trial sales in" Minamisanriku Fukko Ichi " to commercialize "Keisennuma shark Haiboshi " and develop sales channels

     3. Participant observation by "Kesennuma shark Haiboshi " cooking class and study group for the purpose of trial production and commercialization of "local gourmet" in Kesennuma city

     After grasping the actual situation and changes in the long-term reconstruction process by the above-mentioned questionnaire survey and participant observation

4. We will verify the current state of the reconstruction process using the "Digital Networking Model" and clarify the current state and issues of reconstruction in the disaster area.

     The purpose of this study is to implement a socially engaged art project as an action research project in a Nepalese village and to clarify the meaning of art projects in terms of art practice and art education for developing countries. Initially, this art project involved building a bamboo hut to protect a water reservoir tank utilizing local natural materials such as bamboo. Later it developed into two new projects that entailed building a bamboo community center and restoring a Hindu temple damaged by a large earthquake by making mythological murals. The villagers’ participation in an art project facilitated the inception of new art projects.

     Through this field research, the researcher found a possibility for utilizing the local turmeric produced in this village as a natural dyeing material. The villagers used turmeric to dye local ropes, but not clothes. After teaching turmeric-dyeing techniques, a group of village women began dyeing clothes by using turmeric. The result suggests that art projects can provide villagers with suitable opportunities to engage in challenging creative work; in addition, this experience seems critical for empowering them to achieve sustainable development.

　Senior generation clothing is required to support body shape and size. However, senior clothing is positioned as an extension of adult clothing, and almost nothing has been produced that clearly intended for the body shape and size unique to the senior generation. Japan's population over the age of 65 is 35.58 million, accounting for approximately 28.1% (as of October 2018) of Japan's total population. It is expected that the Electronic Commerce usage of the senior generation will further increase in the future, and it is necessary to set the size of apparel specialized for the senior generation.

　In this study, we used the hand-measured data of the human body size and shape database 2014-2016 to analyze the body shape of Japanese and especially senior-aged men and women, and conducted a basic analysis of size development corresponding to Electronic Commerce in apparel.

　Otsuma Women’s University, since establishment, has long concentrated its energy not only on offering specialized academic knowledge, but also on cultivating a character of a woman as an individual human being. Its junior college department, this year, started “Kotaka Gaku” as a compulsory subject, for new students to study the spirit of its founder, Kotaka Otsuma, to find their own life-style and to go into the future world as an excellent working member of the society.

　“Kotaka Gaku” is a course of 8 lectures, which, this year, were all carried out on-line. Through the questionnaires of the on-line learning system of this university, what students think of the two years study in the junior college, after studying this course, was grasped and analyzed for the improvement of its future education. The percentage of attendance, 96.7~99.5%, was very high, which shows students’ strong will to study this course. The students’ assessment on these eight lectures was 4.19~4.88/5 in average, with differences according to students’ major, which is to be remembered and referred to as a lesson for the future of this course.

　As for the free-to-write comments of the questionnaires, which were analyzed through KH Corder, the students’ assessment on “Kotaka Gaku” was also very high, in which students stress their realization of the importance of studying with a sense of purpose, and their wish to grow to be an independent person, studying in life for the realization of their ideal, keeping the words of Kotaka Otsuma in mind.

　The purpose of “Kotaka Gaku” was thus achieved this year, with lessons for the next year. What students thought, taking hints from the words of Kotaka Otsuma, will surely be a precious guideline for them to enrich their study in the junior college, and to live a fruitful life in future.

    This study is a case report examining whether there is a change in the family image held by an abused child who does not receive psychological care. The target of this report is an 8-year-old girl who has been abused in the infancy. It was aimed at obtaining knowledge about how her family relationship perception is reflected in KFD and RKFD, and what features it shows. As a result, the common features were ①omission of family members, ②style of "siege", ③symbols symbolizing misfortune. From this, it is thought that the situation that she sends family life while having the negative feelings for the family member continues to date from the infancy. As she stayed without receiving psychological care, it can be said that there was no change in the family image. Not only that, her drawing suggests the possibility that she could not find her usefulness by psychological trauma due to abuse.

   By using newly developed software and tools, the present authors have been creating self-made teaching materials and conducting school activities for students with various disabilities. The research project organized by one of the present authors, Shigeru Ikuta, is now widely spread all over the world; about 250 schoolteachers join the project. Shigeru Ikuta, schoolteachers Chiho Urushihata and Noriko Saotome, and a staff of Gridmark Inc. Shinya Abe were awarded “Outstanding Paper Award” at the International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE) 2020. In collaboration with many schoolteachers, Shigeru Ikuta has published several chapter papers in the books published by IGI-Global. The present paper describes the details on the recently updated software, Sound Linker to create self-made teaching materials for a speaking-pen and the activities performed by the Japanese schoolteachers and Otsuma Women's university students in 2019 academic year.