Regarding a tuning fork, which is often used in science education, what kind of sound field is formed around it is not fully understood. Under these circumstances, we attempted a visualization of the sound field formed around a tuning fork using Improved-FDM for calculation of elastic wave propagation. As a result, visualization images of sound waves and amplitude distribution around tuning forks were obtained. From the images, the sound field characteristics of the tuning fork were confirmed to have four maxima at short distances and two maxima at long distances around the forks. In addition, it was shown that the characteristics of the sound field around the tuning fork are easy to understand if they are interpreted based on the sound field around the single sound source.

　In the previous article, the author discussed the need to transform Japan's "vertical society," in which leaders are often the only ones who solve problems, into a "horizontal society" in which everyone can think together in a flat "horizontal" relationship and proposed the introduction of "servant leadership" as a powerful method. However, this is not an easy task. This is because "servant leadership" originally comes from Christianity, and its nature cannot be understood without an understanding of Christianity.

　In this article, I will attempt to understand "servant leadership" from a Christian perspective. By doing so, I hope to clarify its nature.

　The Myeik Islands in the Andaman Sea are comprised of more than 800 reefs and islands that have preserved their natural beauty. The Myeik Islands were once Thai territory in the Middle Ages, then Burmese, then British, then Burmese again after the independence of Burma, and now Myanmar.

　During the British Period, these islands were named in the British style, but after World War II they became Burmese territory, and in accordance with international practice, the island names have gradually changed to local (Myanmar) names. However, even on internationally used maps, the names of the Myeik Islands are a mixture of names from the British Period, names used by the international community, and local Myanmar names. Furthermore, the complexity of language notation on maps makes it difficult for users to understand the names. Therefore, the authors investigated, organized, and compared the names of the islands from these three sources (the British Period usage, international usage, local usage), and organized this basic data to help future consideration for clearer and less confusing names.

　Simply adopting the current local names would be a consistent and easy-to-understand naming system. However, there are many reasons why island names cannot be simply rewritten; factors that need to be considered are the history of the area, ship and aircraft navigation, various activities of the local people, ease of use by foreign businesspeople and tourists, academic research, and significance to basic national geographical information. This document was created to address the strong need for a tool that would enable us to survey, organize, and review this information in a comprehensible manner. We hope that all concerned parties will make use of this chart as best suits their needs.

　In order for students to be able to write academic texts, it is necessary for them to understand the framework that forms the basis of the entire text, the so-called introduction, main thesis, and conclusion, which are the components that should be written within the text structure.

　In this study, we focused on these components, clarified the components that should be written in a thesis, and clarified how many of the necessary components are present in the entire thesis written by first-year students, as well as the characteristics and problems in the structure of the thesis by quantifying the content of the writing.

　The analysis of the overall sentence structure of the three essays revealed that, although the introduction, "Problem Statement," and conclusion became clearer each time the essays were written, the main thesis, "Objective Interpretation and Discussion of Data," and "Presentation of Own Opinion," remained problematic.

　These challenges are also linked to the decline in reading comprehension in OECD's PISA 2018, and we should ponder the construction of lesson designs to acquire reading literacy to overcome the challenges.

　The purpose of this paper is to research the reduction of perceived risk through live commerce．This paper investigate the consumer behavior for apparel using live commerce．The empirical investigation shows the reduction of perceived risk about product quality is likely to have an influence on the buying orientation． This study suggests the implication for marketing of DtoC (Direct to Consumer) and a direction for the future research．

　As a measure to respond to the support needs of the community, which is becoming more complicated and complex, it is important to promote intergenerational exchange projects that allow multigenerational residents to support each other. Such policies may enable elderly people to become not only recipients of support, but also supporters according to their abilities and skills. However, the characteristics and attitudes of the elderly who participate in such projects are not sufficiently clear. In this study, we referred to the "Sayama High School students’ Yume Project" conducted by the Sayama City Social Welfare Council to examine what kind of community dwelling elderly participate in this project and what kind of attitudes they have in the activities. Interviews for six elderly people who have been participating in the project on a continuous basis revealed that their participation in the project began when they were approached by Social Welfare Council staff, and that many of them have fostered or strengthened their awareness of the next generation (Generativity) through the activities. There were also some elderly people who had opinions on how to promote better projects. In order to increase the number of community dwelling elderly who continue to participate in intergenerational exchange projects as supporters, it is important to reaching out not only those who already have ties with social welfare council, but also to the community dwelling elderly.

　Peptides, which are products of protein digestion, have been reported to have various functions in recent years. In this study, we focused on the tripeptide Phe-Leu-Val derived from soybean proteins, which has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect on obese adipose tissue, and investigated its effect on mitochondria in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to clarify the mechanism of the tripeptide Phe-Leu-Val anti-inflammatory effect and the role of mitochondria in inflammatory changes in adipocytes.

　The 3T3-L1 cells, which are the model of white adipocytes, were cultured in 0~10 μM of Phe-Leu-Val until 30th days after adipogenesis. The lipid droplets and mitochondria in the cells were observed by fluorescent microscopic analysis and the mRNA expression of mitochondria-related proteins was measured. There was no significant difference in the size of lipid droplets and their formation process in Phe-Leu-Val-treated cells compared to control cells cultured without Phe-Leu-Val. On the contrary, the fluorescence intensity of mitochondria in the Phe-Leu-Val-treated cells was higher than the control cells, and mitochondrial division and dispersion throughout whole cells observed with the maturation of lipid droplets in the control cells, were not observed in the Phe-Leu-Val-treated cells. These results suggest that Phe-Leu-Val may have the effect of maintaining high mitochondrial energy metabolism, and may exert its anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing mitochondrial energy metabolism.

　In this paper, it was examined whether the Epistle to the Galatians, which is a book contained in the New Testament, has a reversal structure or not. Assuming the well-known structural chiasmus in this text, the Bligh diagram, we determined whether the pairs of elements that make up this diagram are in contrasting relationships. As a result of our analysis, it became clear that all pairs of elements that make up this diagram are in contrasting relationships, so it was concluded that the text has a reversal structure.

　In this paper, we introduce peer evaluation in an academic writing class for 27 students in the first semester of their second year of Japanese II at a higher education institution, and investigate (1) how the students perceive peer evaluation, and (2) what the characteristics of peer evaluation interaction are. We conducted an interview survey on peer evaluation after the class, and analyzed the data obtained by adopting a modified grounded theory approach, and were able to confirm a growth process in which students' thinking became deeper through repeated input and output. In addition, the students' reflections on their learning suggested that they developed a sense of growth and accomplishment as they became aware that they were able to write logical sentences that they could not write at the beginning of the class, and that this led to a sense of self-affirmation that they had acquired academic writing skills through the class.

　The old Benveniste theory on Proto–Indo–European roots, namely, that they are represented by a sequence made up of consonant + vowel e + consonant, is still probably the most influential theory of root–structure today in this linguistic discipline. However, this theory has very doubtful foundations and lacks typological support.

　The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the origin of ‘National School Broadcasting,’ which was renamed from ‘School Broadcasting’ in April 1941, the year of transition from Japanese school education to wartime regime. The historical materials in this paper are the volumes of School Broadcasting Research edited for teachers. The analysis focused on the discourses of three parties: (1) Nippon Hoso Kyokai (The Japan Broadcasting Corporation), which was a radio station that produced the programs; (2) the Ministry of Education and the intelligence, which guided and controlled the programs; and (3) the teachers who listened to the programs in their classrooms. Subsequently, we recognize that each of them had their own thoughts and attitudes. The radio station attempted to contribute actively to the national objectives of wartime education. The Ministry of Education displayed the same textbook-centered authoritarian attitude as in the past. Teachers tried to implement lessons using radios along national objectives, even though establishing their listening environment was a challenge. Early ‘National School Broadcasting’ faced those complicated aspects.