In the organization as a company, there are four types of human resources, "management leader", "supporting staff", "expert" and "practitioner". In universities, the education is focused on the training for leaders. And in other educational institutes, there are education for expert and practitioner, but the education for supporting staff does not exist clearly. The results of survey of the human resource types that working women want and that of working men are completely different. The working men want to be leader, expert, supporting staff and practitioner in turn. But about 40 % of the working women want to be practitioner and only 8.5% want to be leader. And 17.5% of the working women wants to be supporting staff. And the result of survey on the ability, knowledge and certification that the working person thinks useful is also different between women and men. Further the result of survey on the ability, knowledge and certification that the working person want to study is also different between women and men. These results of survey mean the existing difference of the post and the category in the job between women and men. The result of the same survey at Otsuma Women's University, one of the traditional women's university which alumnae have the image of "dutiful wife and devoted mother", is interesting. 40% of the students want to be supporting staff. This means that the "dutiful wife and devoted mother" in house is equals to the supporting staff in the organization. But the students want to study the ability, knowledge and certification that the expert or practitioner type working women think useful. The gap between they want to be and they want to study may cause the maladjustment after their employment. In order to close the gap, the result of this research will be reflected to the curriculum of the program of career education called Otsuma Management Academy.

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In this study we examined the knowledge and awareness of 200 respondents in two local townships, Mindat and Kanpetlet in Chin state of Myanmar, regarding local environment issues and development requirements. Results indicated differences in knowledge and level of awareness between the two townships particularly regarding issues such as the reduction in fallow period, forest dependence, promoting tourism, protecting local identity and family planning requirements. These differences were found to be mainly due to the differences in economic and social status of the respondents between the two townships. Respondents in Mindat earn more and their education level is higher than in Kanpetlet. They are much more aware of natural environmental changes. In Kanpetlet, forest dependent subsistence is higher and the fallow period in shifting cultivation is shorter than in Mindat. Introducing effective cultivation practices with the required resources and knowledge will facilitate to increase their income while conserving the environment. The respondents have quite different opinions on the development requirements for increasing their earnings and uplifting their living standards.

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Various surveys and investigations into the physical characteristics, physical fitness levels and motor abilities of children with intellectual disabilities have been published, but they are limited in scope. Little information has been generated using the New Physical Fitness Test produced by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Therefore, the present study compares the physical characteristics, physical fitness levels and motor abilities of children with intellectual disabilities with those of healthy children using the New Physical Fitness Test at a single institution (Research Center for Total Life Health and Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo). We compared 24 children with intellectual disabilities (20 boys, age 16.0±5.5 years; 4 girls, age 13.3±3.4 years). Height, weight, body fat percentage and muscle mass varied widely among the boys; this variation was particularly remarkable for body fat percentage (range, ≤10-56%). Various factors should be addressed to maintain a moderate body composition and improve growth among children with intellectual disabilities. In normally developing children (national average), reach determined by the sit-and-reach test lengthens with age, but among children with intellectual disabilities it sometimes became longer and other times became shorter. Life factors might be involved in the broad range of individual differences among these individuals. The back muscle strength of two 13-year-old boys with intellectual disabilities differed by 85 kg, which might have been associated with differences in muscle mass, muscle-nervous system status and the status of recognition functions. Walking is a basic life skill, and people with decreased walking ability might experience difficulty with activities of daily living. The individual values for all boys and girls with intellectual disabilities in the 10-m obstacle walk in the present study were lower than the national mean for normal elderly persons, and the individual values for the 50-m dash were lower than the national mean for normal children. These findings confirmed that the motor ability of children with intellectual disabilities is impaired. Muscle strength (back muscle strength, grip strength), walking ability (10-m flat walk, 10-m obstacle walk) and running ability (50-m dash) tended to be better in both boys and girls with more muscle mass, although the differences were not significant. The large standard deviation, differing states of mind and physical status among children with intellectual disabilities suggested that understanding their individual circumstances is important for improving growth and motor ability and maintaining a moderate body composition.

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Purpose: This study analyzed Hakobi, the sliding walk, as one of the representative performance techniques in Japanese traditional performing arts and we tried to explain the rhythm called “Jyo-Ha-Kyu” with the quantitative data. Methods: We recorded Hakobi of 4 Kyogen performers in the video image. Performers included the person designated as a Living national treasure. Experimental conditions were controlled by time condition (T) and spatial condition (S) variously. Hakobi was examined from the viewpoint of the time requirement (A1), the number of steps (A2), time ratio of each step among the total time (A3), and the timing to step the foot forward (A4). The step that changed the speed was extracted (E1), and their skills for speed adjustment (E2) were discussed. Results: We found three remarkable skills of Kyogen performers. First; the 2nd Step or the 3rd Step was used for acceleration, and the Last Step was used for deceleration (E1). Second; not only the number of steps but also the length of step was used for adjustment of spatial condition (S). Finally; if the conditions are right, time delay on the 2nd Step or the 3rd Step was recognized (E2). By utilizing these skills, non-monotonous rhythm and tempo was produced. We identified that this rhythm and tempo were used for making "Jyo-Ha-Kyu" of Hakobi. Especially, it was suggested that a process from “Jyo” to “Ha” has regularity following natural logarithm. Conclusions: This study succeeded in clarifying that the difficulty of Hakobi of “Jyo-Ha-Kyu” depended on the embodiment of its natural logarithmic rhythm.

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The purpose of the present study is to compare the cultures and social systems behind languages, based on probabilistic knowledge structures constructed from large scale language data in Japanese and Chinese. The present study applies the probabilistic algorithm developed by Kameya & Sato, more strict than the existing method like LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis). Practically, we compares interesting classes which have same names between Japanese and Chinese as the result of interpretation, selected from the latent classes estimated using the above algorithm. It is an important future plan to construct the same knowledge structures using other foreign languages like English.

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The Mlabri who live in the mountainous region of northern Thailand have lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers until 20 years ago. While they have begun to live sedentary life and to engage in cash crop cultivation by state-led development project in the late-1990s, they still engage in hunting and gathering in the forest especially during the farmer’s off-season and their traditional dietary habits are still maintained. We conducted a survey over three years to describe these dietary habits. They are extremely simple. Food resources are skillfully obtained through hunting or gathering using the spear (khòt), spade (khabok), hoe (soq), bladed instruments (tòq/cok), and flint and steel (kl.hlek), according to much knowledge on natural resources that they acquired in their traditional life in the forest. Foods are boiled or steam in bamboo cylinder, or roasted on a fire directly. While the staple of the Mlabri diet is wild yam (eq), they also consume many other foods such as bamboo shoots, palm stalks, mushrooms, etc. Animal protein are got from wild animals such as wild boar, barking deer, monkey, and bird which they can find in the forest. Our research presents as complete and accurate a record as possible of the previously unknown dietary habits of the Mlabri.

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The purpose of this study is to partially explore childrearing values in modern Japan by examining changes in two familiar child-care customs, babywearing on the back (onbu) and babywearing on the front (dakko), as well as changes in child-care accessories such as baby baskets, baby slings, and strollers. Onbu is a child-care custom that emerged among commoners in the Heian period out of the necessity of caring for infants while performing domestic chores. In the just almost 150 years since the start of the Meiji period, the Japanese style of childrearing evolved from “labor-oriented onbu” into “child-focused dakko.” Changes were also seen in the items used as child-care accessories. From the Meiji period to the early Showa period, child-care accessories for most Japanese were everyday items repurposed to serve childrearing needs. Following the end of World War II, however, information and culture from the West began to permeate popular society, and as these influences became widespread in the 1960s, child-care accessories transformed from items made at home to items purchased (commercial products). Such abundant items can make life between parents and children convenient. On the other hand, these have not been created out of necessity for parents to raise their own children. Now, the reverse phenomenon occurs that they must be taught even how to use such plentiful commodities provided by others. This has brought a childrearing form dependent on commodities, and it has become difficult to care for children without making use of commercialized products. The issues in this study should be considered seriously, especially in the deteriorated environment for childrearing today.

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This study is aimed to consider how cultural texts in modern Japan were created and adapted by readers/audiences. Within developed cultural industries in particular, readers never encounter literary texts without mediation. Rather, they encounter them in newspapers or magazines, or as beautifullydesigned books, or perhaps as illustrated (manga), animated (anime), or film adaptations. In this sense, literary texts are always transformed through their relationship with readers and media. This research project, which pays particular attention to the connection between capitalism and culture, examines how the reception of literary works is influenced by images created in the media.

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The present authors created an electronic book, The Very Hungry Caterpillar, with Media Overlays and conducted a school activity for a student with Down's syndrome to improve his reading ability. Continuous activity using the electronic book with Media Overlays resulted in that he could come to read the phrases as a unity and decrease reading times and mistakes very effectively. These results indicate that the e-books with Media Overlays will help the students with a reading disability to improve their readings very effectively.

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This research deals with the 20's unmarried and college student, of human resources aimed at the workplace and of female university students and working women of the 20's unmarried, and the ability, knowledge and qualifications with learning motivation intention of change of employment and life events, at the time of career the survey of women, were compared and analyzed awareness of career. The previous studies investigate and analyze the awareness of the career of working men and working women. But to the development of career education programs that work force, this research deals the 20's single close in age, family structure and college student a comparison of the woman, "leader type" is small as both of human resources and should aim, "expert type" in many cases the most. While thinking, "want with a job in hand" in the severe employment situation, young women as gender equality, which is clearly shown also in the prior investigation that would be a leader among developing less. I have also reflected in the learning motivation for the career development of human resources in this be desired. In addition, compared to working women of the 20's unmarried, expert-oriented higher, supporting the leader "Staff-type" also directed high college student. It is intended to clarify the need for carriers of young women such as this to develop a program of education carrier with a working force for women younger.

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As uterine cervical cancer occurrence has begun to observe at such younger ages as their twenties and higher rate of breast cancer incidence has been observed, it is important for female university students to have the knowledge about cancer associated with women and to raise their consciousness of health. Here we conducted an investigational survey on their knowledge about cervical cancer and breast cancer to 164 female university students who have made consent to this study with an aim of promoting their knowledge on female cancers and improving their self-care capability. In this investigation, it was found that the students with the knowledge of cervical cancer also significantly had the knowledge of breast cancer, and that they also had a vaccination for cervical cancer (HPV vaccine). The number of average correct answers to the knowledge of cervical cancer was significantly higher with those students who had HPV vaccination. Overall immunization rate for the HPV vaccine was 25.0%, and the most popular reason for the vaccination was a recommendation by family or friends, which accounted for 58.5%. Rate of medical examination for cervical cancer was as low as 8.5%, and those students who had HPV vaccine also showed low rate of medical examination like 9.8%. Many of those students with the knowledge of breast cancer had an experience of self-palpation method. Although the self-palpation method was widely recognized, only 14.7% of the students actually did the self-palpation method. Since there were many students (81.6%) who expressed a desire to learn the actual procedure of the self-palpation method, we will carry out the educational instruction on the self-palpation method for breast cancer as well as awareness campaign on female cancers.

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We clarified the actual condition of the information literacy education in a university. As a result, it was shown that the information education in a university is operation of office software such as a word processor, a spreadsheet, and a presentation. Moreover, it became clear that the education in the subject "information" in a high school is also operation education of office software. Furthermore, it was shown that they have not reached the level which masters those software. In this report, the purpose of the information education in a university was made into “Utilization of information", “Scientific understanding of information", and "Society and information". We proposed that the subjects of information education are the basic utilization of information, and the application utilization of information.

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In the advanced information society, the use of status and ownership status of information equipment has brought a significant impact on the use of information such as information dissemination and information gathering. In order to examine the direction of the order to go to go to the smooth transmission of information and the availability of information, it is necessary to capture seamlessly position information of the caller and information collectors. In this paper, we purpose to that in the light of these challenges, and to clarify awareness of information as caller, the consciousness of as acquirer of information. The results of a questionnaire survey of students of two universities and college, and being performed provide information and information collected by using the Internet has been confirmed. However, awareness of respondents, higher consciousness that the information collected, but consciousness you have information transmission is low has been confirmed.

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The purpose of this research is to develop teaching materials that enable students to acquire skills to become active members in the global community. Many of the English teaching materials available today focus mainly on language skills， and do not give enough attention to “generic skills” that are essential in handling difficult business situations． Working in a global environment requires generic skills such as abilities to assess and analyze problems， and present optimal solutions. Flexibility in communicating one’s ideas while interacting with others plays a significant role in achieving this. In order to better prepare university students to become future leaders, this research has developed teaching materials that would improve their skills in 1) critical thinking 2) self-initiated communication and 3) English. After sorting out and analyzing information given from a wide variety of visual input, students learn to organize and explain clearly in English．

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The purpose of this research is to show that providing students with their academic achievements in a visual manner raises motivation for further study, and this leads to better grade results in a large number of students. As part of their career study, students take courses in basic study skills and knowledge along with those for generic skills. They are part of one-year required courses. Although students acknowledge the importance of acquiring these skills, continued and consistent effort is necessary for achieving this goal, which often makes them less motivated. However, academic achievements presented in a recognizable form could solve this problem. Discrepancies in the results were observed among different subjects. While the results for Japanese and politics/economics made significant improvements over a one-year period, those for English and geography/history were less remarkable. This could be attributed to the fact that memorization has played a larger role in better score results for Japanese and politics/economics.

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There are very few reports on the relationship between obesity and allergic dermatitis, in particular, the effects of barley intake on both obesity and allergic dermatitis are not established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary composition and barley intake on contact hypersensitivity in mice. Mice were fed a high-fat diet with (Beau Fiber; BF) or without (control; CO) barley powder and contact hypersensitivity was induced using 2, 4, 6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) on the right ear. The feed efficiency ratio, intraperitoneal and epididymal fat weights in the BF group were significantly lower than those in the CO group. In both groups, the right ear became swollen but the BF diet decreased the number of Toluidine Blue-positive cells compared with the control diet. A significant increase in the number of faecal Lactobacillus and decrease in Clostridium coccoides were observed in the BF group compared with the CO group. The number of Bifidobacterium tended to be higher in the BF group (p=0.065). There were no significant differences in the number of Eubacterium and Bacteroides between the two groups. These results suggested that barley intake may control both diet-induced-obesity and allergic dermatitis through modulation of the composition of intestinal microbiota.

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This study is the application of a new education grading system "Rubrics" in the social worker training. It was under these circumstances that there is a turning point about the social worker training in Japan. Certified Social Workers and Certified Care Workers Act was revised in 2007 and a new training curriculum was started in 2009. However, there is the problem how train the practical skill. This is the problem of standardizing a practice skill. Because Certified Social Workers must be able to give similar support for no person. Therefore, this study was studied the application of "Rubrics" which was a new evaluation method of the education.

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The predominant way to describe sentence structures has consisted of two approaches: from words and from patterns. These approaches, however, have several outstanding problems. Although an approach from words is better in terms of describing the meaning of a word and its co-occurrence words, it is difficult to find out other words which use the same patterns. On the other hand, although an approach from patterns is better to indicate which patterns a group of words can use, it does not express that the group of words may use other patterns. I attempt to solve these problems, by way of suggesting a third approach: hybrid grammar. Hybrid grammar is a combination between the advantage of word grammar and that of pattern grammar. I make use of both corpus data and native speaker’s judgments. We can collect a great deal of data from corpora, whereas we cannot decide whether the data is grammatical / ungrammatical just because the data exists or not in corpora. Native speakers can judge that it is grammatical / ungrammatical intuitively. Hybrid grammar is also an amalgamation between the advantage of corpora and that of native speaker’s intuition. In this paper, I apply hybrid grammar to light verbs of have and take which are followed by the same sequence of “a + verbal noun” so that I illustrate that it is a useful framework for description of sentence structures.

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This research is not special clothes corresponding to the physical difficulty, but discontent and inconvenience are learned from the person with the difficulty, and it is developed as a general product which has that correspondence. The request of the person using an artificial leg and wheelchair was reflected, and design was designed based on the individual materials, and fitting observation was done. As for the clothes, it became clear that it could cope with an age and a difference in the figure. I can have many people take it in my hand possibility if a function corresponding to the wheelchair is the design that anyone can put it on and function is beautiful. It becomes a fashion by making design uniformity, and it is [the clothes which who restrains a price can enjoy, too,]. A stage of foundation of the research goes with the student. Independent learning is practiced, and it thinks that effect on education is big in addition to the communication the team, too, by the relations with many people.

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The occurrence of non-alcoholic fat hepatitis (NASH) is increasing: it is a disease associated with metabolic syndrome, and leads to excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Several methods concerned with the development of a NASH mouse model have been reported, however, long-term feeding of a high-fat diet is required. Recently, a NASH mouse model produced by injection of STZ solution to new-born pups was reported. We examined this method and assessed the development of NASH parameters: body weight in the STZ group was significantly lower than the control group, however, liver weight in the STZ group was significantly higher than the control group. The average area stained with Oil Red O in the STZ group was significantly greater than the control group. Serum total cholesterol levels in the STZ group were significantly higher than the control group. It is considered that the rapidly developed diabetes in the new-born pups caused growth retardation and excess liver lipid accumulation, suggesting STZ injection causes NASH development at an early age.

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Cells of the body are exposed to anisosmotic environments under various physiological and pathological conditions, which cause mobilization of water and changes in cellular volume and morphology; these changes provide an indication of the cellular environment changes and predict the subsequent cellular damage. We have constructed confocal microscopy-based methods to analyze osmotic stimuli-induced changes in cell dimension and morphology using a membrane-bound fluorescent probe, PKH67. Low osmolarity stimulation of the renal tube derived MDCK cells resulted in an initial increase in their cell volume, which was followed by a subsequent decrease towards initial value. Transient exposure to high osmolarity formamide solution of mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes resulted in complete loss of their transverse tubules (T-tubules). Confocal microscopy in combination with a membrane-intercalating dye was shown to be simple, accurate and free of cellular damage, and would be useful for further studies on the regulation of cellular volume and morphology.

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On February 8th 2013, we held the workshop as a result presentation of the graduate student's research project "A study on relationship between image and text in Japanese modern literature". We focused on the newspaper novels, dramas and movies related to literature, we proved that audiences were influenced by the images which made by mass media and we studied how authors made their works using that image.

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In the field of Care worker training, specialists always put emphasis on the necessity of the students to make a direct correlation between the “theories” they learn in the classroom and the “practical work” they experience. However, it must be said that the concrete way of realizing it has not been enough investigated. This study attempts to present a new method for realizing it through “Care Practice Play”, that is, the play or drama that second-year students of a care worker training school collaborate with each other in writing, based on their own experience in their practical work, and the students themselves play the roles. The present writer, lecturer of a care worker training school, has directed “Care Practice Play” for thirteen years and it is felt by experience that producing plays in cooperation is very effective in the guidance after “practical work”. The ultimate aim of this study is to prove objectively the effectiveness of this method of employing theatrical plays, and this research begins on analyzing semi-structured interviews with 20 graduates who had experienced making “Care Practice Play” at the writer’s school. The results showed 3 core reflection places: ≪ scenario production process ≫, ≪ rehearsal in the play scene ≫, and ≪ play announcement for all the students at school ≫. Moreover, 3 points of view concerned with each reflection place also appeared: ≪ viewpoint of classmates in scenario production process ≫, ≪ viewpoint of Characters in the play scene ≫, and ≪ view point of audiences ≫. This investigation made it clear that through making “Care Practice Play”, the students were required to look back on their practice from different angles, and that leads, for example, to learn the control of feelings, to cultivate a spirit of patience or to find a mirror of the ideal care worker, etc… After this, a next plan is to make detail investigation of the scripts of all the plays by analyzing how these 3 points are concerned and by comparing “Care Practice Play” with other drama education methods. It will reveal the validity of “Care Practice Play” which helps care worker students to combine Theory and Practice.

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Konbu, an edible seaweed, was boiled with 8 different types of vegetable (spinach, crown daisy, burdock, radish, tomato, eggplant, asparagus, and cauliflower). The residual ratio of konbu, breaking strength, amount of Ca and settling volume in water were measured, and tissue morphology was observed. The release of Ca from the konbu surface was found to be related to the softening of the konbu. Significant changes in tissue morphology were observed using toluidine blue staining.

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Many kindergartens renew their wall displays in the beginning of the new school year and some kindergartens monthly change them. However, it is not clear when such wall displays were started at kindergarten in Japan. This study analyses the diaries and other documents kept at “K” kindergarten in Oita prefecture from Meiji 20. The result indicates the change of the contents of displays including children’s art works. And it also suggests the change of teachers’ views and values.

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