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Yoichi NISHIKAWA
1999 Volume 1999 Issue 49 Pages
1-47,en3
Published: March 30, 2000
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In der spätstaufischen Zeit erfuhr die Idee der königlichen Gesetzgebung in Deutschland eine Steigerung unter dem Einfluss der päpstlichen Gesetzgebung. Dabei ist noch eine Vermengung von dem Gesetz und dem Privileg zu beobachten, was der Lehrmeinung der damaligen Rechtswissen-schaft entsprach.
Die Gesetzgebungspraxis des Königtums zeigte keine wesentliche Veränderung seit dem 12. Jahrhundert. Das enge Verhältnis zwischen der Gesetzgebung und der Privilegierung bedeutet, dass der allgemeinen Privilegierung durch das Königtum wie der Goldbulle von Eger oder den sogenannten, Fürstengesetzen" ein wichtiger Platz in der Entwicklung der Gesetzgebung eingeräumt werden muss.
Der Landfriede war immer noch die wichtigste Form der allgemeinen Rechtssetzung. Zwar bewahrten die Texte der ersten Landfrieden der Spätstaufer noch den Charakter der Eidformeln, aber die Frieden der 30er Jahre zeichneten sich durch die Übernahme der Urkundenform und die Betonung der königlichen Gesetzgebungskompetenz zur Friedenssicherung aus. Die Zitate des Mainzer Reichslandfriedens in nicht wenigen Urkunden zeigen ferner die Verbreitung der Schriftlichkeit und die Verstärkung der Vorstellung von der allgemeinen Rechtsnorm. Zugleich heben die Frieden der 30er Jahre die Mitwirkung der Fürsten stärker als im 12. Jahrhundert hervor. Das Prinzip der kollektiven Rechtssetzung hat sich vielmehr verfestigt.
Auch an der Entwicklung der Urteile des königlichen Gerichts kann man, trotz der Kritik am Begriff der Reichsweistümer, die Verstärkung der Vorstellung von der allgemeinen Rechtsnorm ablesen. Die Zahl der Urteile, die allgemein formuliert sind oder einen Bezug zur allgemeinen Norm aufweisen, stieg zu. Man findet Fälle, in denen verschiedene Fürsten den Text eines allgemein gefassten Urteils erlangten. Dies bezeugt die all-gemeine Wirkung des Urteils, auch wenn es aus einem konkreten Anlass entstanden wäre.
Diese Charakterzüge der königlichen Gesetze in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts zeigen, dass sich das staufische Königtum den verfassungsmäßigen Bedingungen des damaligen Regnum Teutonicum anpassen konnte. Diese Anpassungsfähigkeit war wohl einer der Gründe dafür, dass die hier herausgestellten Elemente der spätstaufischen Gesetze lange die Gesetzgebung im Deutschen Reich bestimmen konnten.
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Toshihiko HARADA
1999 Volume 1999 Issue 49 Pages
49-84,en4
Published: March 30, 2000
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According to prevailing view, lex Hortensia de plebiscitis about 287 B. C. ends the strugggles of orders and means the victory of plebeians. Annalistic tradition tells us that because of their debts plebeians seceded to Janiculum, whence they were brought back by Quintus Hortensius. However no tradition mentions that lex Hortensia de plebiscitis settled secession of plebeians. In my view, the majority of plebeians in this secession were urban dwellers. But censors of 304 B. C. excluded them from a position of influence in the assembly based on tribus, and so country dwellers became superior to urban dwellers. The lex Hortensia confirmed this superiority of country dwellers. Therefore lex Hortensia de plebiscitis could not settle secession of urban dwellers. Hortensius must have conceded to urban dwellers with respect to debts problems in order that he could bring back them to the city. If so, lex Hortensia de plebiscitis must have been a byproduct of secession. According to sources, after 320's B. C. plebiscita binded on all the roman citizens without any conditions and therefore the lex Hortensia merely confirmed this practice. On the other hand, another lex Hortensia has come down to us. This lex Hortensia de nundinis provided that nundinae should be dies fasti. Under this provision, peasants who dwelled in the country-side were set a limit to attend the assembly. In other words, leges Hortensiae confirmed superiority of country dwellers over urban dwellers in the assembly, but provided great practical limitation to exercise their votes in the assembly. To understand why after 320's B. C. plebiscita got the binding force over the roman citizens, we must recognize the formation of nobilitas that began from 330's B. C. In my view, we must realize leges Hortensiae in the growth of nobilitas.
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Masahiro SEGA
1999 Volume 1999 Issue 49 Pages
85-106,en5
Published: March 30, 2000
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The main purpose of this paper is to make clear the function and the actual effects of legal document
Myobo-kammon (_??__??__??__??_) which had influence over the trial, especially the
Jin-no-Sadame (_??__??_, the conference at the
Jin) in
Heian period.
The legal documents
Myobo-kammon, which is drawn up by judicial officials or jurists (
Myobo-ka, _??__??__??_), is generally understood as a draft of sentence of court, and there, these documents give priority to the interpreta-tion and application of
Ritsu-ryo codex (_??__??__??__??_). It is regarded as one of the most important material to study on relation between jurisprudence and judicature under japanese
Ritsu-ryo system. Therefore I think that this is an important material to think about the character of administration of justice in ancient and middle ages of our country. However there remain many problems to solve on
Myobo-kammon itself. It is necessary to approach the problem what position Ritsu-ryo codex occupies in the legal history of our country from the aspect of operation of law.
Following problems are discussed in this paper.
i) the function of
Myobo-kammon at legal proceedings;
Myobo-kammon had two different functions, one submitted to the court of justice has the function as a proposal of assessment of case, another one has the function as a sort of legal consultation.
ii) the actual effect of
Myobo-kammon, in other words, to what extent can this kind of documents bind authorities who are also judiciaries; essentially
Myobo-kammon had however no binding power.
iii) the authority of opinion proposed by
Myobo-ka; in the
Jin-no-Sadame, authorities are more likely to find in the
Myobo-kammon merely a confirmation of what is in their minds already. Nevertheless authorities make
Myobo-ka who is specialist of law present his judgement. We must carry out a further examination of this problem.
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1999 Volume 1999 Issue 49 Pages
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