This study is on the relationship between performance achievement and arrangement patterns of major competitions of student jumpers (field and track athletes).
    The purpose was to illustrate how the difference in their competence of sport performance influences the degrees of performance achievement and peak-appearing.
Findings were as follows:
1) The degrees of performance achievement in the Regional Intercollegiate Championship (hereinafter referred to as the Regional IC) were high enough to be within the sport-form and were not affected by the athletes’ levels of competence of sport performance in any arrangement patterns.
2) The performance achievement degrees of the athletes at Level A and B in the National Intercollegiate Championship (hereinafter referred to as the National IC) were high enough to be within the sport form in any arrangement pattern.
    In the arrangement pattern 2, only Level-B athletes showed higher degrees of performance achievement in the National IC than in the Regional IC.
    The performance achievement degrees of the athletes of Level C in the National IC were significantly lower than those of Level-A and B athletes in any arrangement pattern.
    And they were significantly lower than their degrees in the Regional IC.
3) Peak-occurrence ratios of level-A and -B athletes were generally low in major competitions, that is to say, they did not succeed in attaining their peak performances.
    None of Level-C athletes successfully brought out their peak performance in the National IC in any arrangement pattern.

    The purpose of this study was to determine whether balance exercises on unstable support surfaces change the dependence on sensory inputs for postural control. Twenty-one healthy males were divided into two groups, Balanceboard group (B group, n＝11) and G-ball group (G group, n＝10). The subjects repeated 2 min of balance exercise twice with 1 min’s rest between executions. As the balance exercise, B group executed standing on a Balance-board and G group executed sitting on a G-ball. The subjects performed 60 s of quiet standing twice on a force platform with three sensory conditions; eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC) and eyes closed on a foam (ECF) before (pre measurement) and after (post measurement) the balance exercises. In post measurement, 20 s of balance exercise was performed just before the first trial of each condition to maintain sensory adaptation. During quiet standing, the motion of the center of pressure (COP) was measured and sway velocity and sway area were calculated. To estimate the dependence on visual input, Romberg ratio (EC vs. pre-EO ratio) based on the sway velocity and the sway area was calculated. To estimate the dependence on somatosensory inputs from lower extremity based on the two sway parameters, the difference between ECF and pre-EC normalized by pre-EC was calculated as the increase in sway (IS). In B group, post-Romberg ratios were significantly higher than pre-values. By contrast, in G group, post-ISs were significantly lower than pre-values. We concluded that for postural control, the Balance-board exercise increases the dependence on visual input and that the G-ball exercise decreases the dependence on somatosensory inputs from lower extremities.

    This study examined an effectiveness of a postural instruction in order to cause to pelvic anterior inclination on a jumping exercise. The word of the postural instruction was “expand your chest and look forward”. Fifteen male track and field athletes (undergraduates and graduates) performed standing long jump (SLJ) at the maximum. The performance with a postural instruction was compared with one without it.
    The pelvic anterior inclination in the initial posture of SLJ with a postural instruction was significantly higher than one without it. The muscle-tendon complex length at the lowest position of C.G. of gluteus maximus of SLJ with a postural instruction was significantly longer than one without it. And muscle activities of gluteus maximus of SLJ with a postural instruction at the eccentric and the concentric phases were lower than one without it.
    Therefore the postural instruction in order to cause to pelvic anterior inclination on the SLJ seemed to cause the gluteus maximus stretched at the eccentric phase and exerted an effective force output at the concentric phase.

    The purpose of this study was to examine the load characteristics during different knee angled leg press exercises at bilateral and unilateral conditions. The subjects were fourteen male jumpers in athletics, aged 22yrs. They performed isometric leg press exercise, knee angled 90° and 120° in bilateral and unilateral conditions. Analyzed outputs were the maximum peak forces and the explosive strengths. The sum of the outputs in unilateral conditions (UL) was compared with the output at bilateral condition (BL) at each of knee angles. Due to the comparison of the muscular activities, the selected six athletes of EMG activities were measured during the tests.
①　 With regard to the maximum forces, UL were greater than BL and the maximum forces at 120° knee angle were larger than these at 90° knee angle. BL/UL ratios of the peak force at 90° and 120° knee angles were 91％ and 92％ respectively (N.S.).
②　 UL of the explosive strength at 120° knee angle was greater than the same strength of BL and UL at 90° of the knee angle significantly.
③　 As for the EMG activities, the major muscular activities had changed from knee extensor muscles to hip extensor muscles with increase in the knee angles from 90° to 120°. The muscular activities of unilateral conditions were tending to be larger than bilateral condition at each knee angles.

    The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of the French method of technical and tactical instruction for young soccer players, and to analyze the game-performance of the French young players. It would be able to serve as a reference to the review of the practical coaching method. The results were summarized as follows :
    - Instruction of the fundamental technique and tactics for young players in France, makes itself concrete by referring to the principles of play
    - Instruction of the principles of play based on the cultivation of an individual attitude “give the ball, then receive it” allows the transmission of the ball in the game
    - Perfection of play “give the ball, then receive it” creates common ideas between the players and allows the play to be coordinated collectively
    These results suggest a concrete instruction, based on the fundamental play (“give the ball, then receive it”) in all exercises. It allows individuals to adapt themselves to the collective play. It would be necessary to pursue this study.

    In this study, we examined training regimens in terms of the contents and methods of shooting-play between European and Japanese women’s youth handball teams. Ten regular training sessions of 3 European teams during the competition period were selected for comparison with 8 daily training sessions of 3 Japanese teams during the same period. The European training sessions were covered the reaction of the defender and the connections of shooting-playelements and offensive processes. On the other hand, the Japanese training sessions included more time practicing individual techniques, and the women tend to practice separately with regard to shooting-play-elements and offensive processes.

    The purpose of this study is to examine relationship between subjective effort levels and objective achievements in ground strokes of tennis.
    1）Subjective effort levels and objective achievements in tennis strokes had a positive correlation. That is, as subjective effort level got higher, objective achievement (ball speed) also got higher.
    2）As for the grading ability, results from multiple comparison were 70％<80％<90％,70％<80％<100％. These results seem to have been brought about by the subject’s habitual increscent training and by their past experiences.
    3）Subjective effort levels and the accuracy of outputs had a negative correlation. This seems to show the difficulty in execution of the movement at lower subjective levels. It seems to have been difficult for the subjects of this study to execute the movement accurately because the attempts were not many enough.
    4）Subjective effort levels and the targeting accuracy had a negative correlation. From this study, it is inferred that individual competitive levels, characteristics of the sport, individual technical features and so on, as well as athlete’s career, play some roles in order to establish both the ball speed and accuracy of the hitting –movement.
    5）As for reproducibility of ground strokes, correlative relation with subjective effort levels was observed. The reproducibility also, like the targeting accuracy, seems to be affected by athlete’s characteristics, features of the sport, the content of the attempts and so on.