Artistic Swimming (AS) is a sport which swimmers need to hold breath often during performance. Few studies have focused on respiratory function in artistic swimmers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of respiratory function in AS technical routine (TR) and to explore which exercises are effective in improving athletic performance. Six artistic swimmers, including members of Japan national team were participated in this study. Maximum expiratory mouth pressure (PEmax), maximum inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and blood lactate concentration were measured at pre and post TR and 200M all-out front crawl swimming (200M). Also, the rating of perceived dyspnea (RPD) was measured after each swim test. The heart rate was measured throughout the test and was calculated as a percentage of heart rate reserve (％HRreserve) for analysis. In TR, ％HRreserve during test and blood lactate concentrations at post were significantly lower than that in 200M. However, the PImax value in post TR was significantly lower than that in post 200M. The rate of change in PImax in post TR was significantly larger, and absolute value was significantly lower than that in post 200M. In conclusion, TR was shown to be more demanding on the respiratory function of trained AS athletes than 200M. Our results suggest that it is important for artistic swimmers to strengthen their respiratory function in order to improve their performance.

    The purpose of this study was to clarify the physical fitness related to selecting players for the regular player and to generate a method to objectively evaluate the selection probability of the regular player. The participants were 84 players of teams belonging to the Kanto University Football Association Division 2. All participants were compared in terms of the following items: 20-m run, 50-m run, shuttle run (10-m×5), agility test (STEP50), standing three-step jump, and Yo-Yo IR2. For statistical analysis, the physical fitness affecting the selection of players for the regular player were: speed (50-m run), agility (STEP50), power (standing three-step jump), and high-intensity intermittent running (Yo-Yo IR2). In addition, a regression formula was constructed to predict the selection by combining the odds ratios of the factors. The selection was accurately predicted using the regression formula (accuracy = 82.1%). We conclude that we determined a regression formula to predict the selection probability of players for the non-regular player with high accuracy.

    The purpose of this study was to clarify visual search behavior and decision time in continuous decision tasks of the toss direction and spike course in volleyball. Volleyball players, ball game players, and non-ball game players (10 in each group) wearing eye-movement trackers watched video images of combination attacks from three directions and made decision about whether the toss direction was left or right and the spike course was straight or cross. The results revealed the following:
    1) In comparison to ball game and non-ball game players, volleyball players had a faster decision time for toss direction and the spike course. Furthermore, volleyball players made excellent decision-making even in situations involving continuous decisions.
    2) Volleyball players have quiet eye characteristics. In other words, they gaze for long periods at the body, including the face, and torso of players, including setters and spikers who pass the ball.
    3) It was revealed that after deciding the toss direction, volleyball players quickly glance at the spiker before the spiker steps in with both his feet and decide the spike course from the opponentʼs upper-body turn or arm swing.

    In this research, we focused on continuous rapid movement and clarified the actual condition of dancers breathing. In addition, we examined differences in breathing due to differences in experience years, targeting female college student dancers with various dance experience history. As a result, the respiration of a dancer with a history of more than 15 years of experience was 80％ the same breath, the difference in respiration became different as the years of experience decreased. In addition, the possibility that the dance genre experienced in the past and the experience of other sports was influenced was considered as the characteristic of respiration.