The purpose of this study was investigation of process of “Streaks” in the volleyball game and game situation. Examination was used video-experiments with questionnaire. The questionnaire respondents were 52 volleyball players. They were looked at volleyball game by video, and answered degree of “Streaks” in the questionnaire when every rally end. They rated degree of “Streaks” on 11-point Likert scales, from －5＝extremely poor, 0＝even, to ＋5＝extremely good. ANOVA with the aim is to reveal difference between every rally in detail. As a result, the two points and over point in a row were significantly difference. The two points and over point in a row changed game situation and perception of “Streaks” in participants. In addition, one point changed perception of “Streaks” that because they perceived that game situation changing by game context. Founding of this study is that game context affected “Streaks”. This study was used new method that conducted video-experiments with questionnaire to clarify characteristics of “Streaks”.

    Tacking maneuver is an important aspect of sailing competitions. In general, two types of tacking（flat tacking and roll tacking）maneuvers are performed during the upwind leg. In this study, using a GPS in a small yacht of the laser radial class at sea, we quantitatively evaluated the tacking skills involved in these two types of maneuvers, and clarified the difference between them. Thirteen sailing athletes took part in the evaluation．Wind speed conditions were categorized as light wind (2-4 m/s) and medium wind (4-6 m/s). Tacking determined the analysis items and the definition of various variables according to previous studies.
    The results showed that tacking time was shorter during roll tacking than during flat tacking. The distance covered during roll tacking was greater than that during flat tacking. Further, the boat speed during roll tacking was higher than that during flat tacking (light wind: 5.3%; medium wind: 2.8％). The results quantitatively showed that roll tacking was more effective than flat tacking in light wind and medium wind, and that the evaluation of redirecting capacity and the abovementioned training would be possible by using the evaluation method of this study in the future.

    To compare physiological characteristics of rugby union, HR and RPE were measured for 10 high school students in sevens rugby games.
    Each subject's HR in a sevens rugby game fluctuated up and down periodically between 120-190bpm, and it was higher than 80-200bpm in rugby union games. The average HR per minute during games also fluctuated between 150- 180bpm. The fluctuation of HR in sevens rugby games was smaller than that in rugby union games.
    BK had spent more time in “Maximal” and “High” area than FW from the view of the distribution of HR in sevens rugby games. But, FW had spent more time in “Moderate” and “Low” area than BK. This result was different from that of rugby union.
    There were no difference between the RPE of FW (15.8±1.9) and BK (15.9±2.1).
    These results indicate that training effect of rugby sevens will be expected by increasing the exercise intensity and reducing the rest time of rugby union games trainings.

    This study conducted and compared the results of two tests for finding a suitable training method for rugby players involving decision making. In the first test, conventional model focusing on correct decisions and the other a time-based test focusing on how fast questions could be answered. Additionally, this study examined the results relating to skill benchmarks and decision making, as well as spent time and self-efficacy for decision making.
    The results of this study suggested that decision making training was ideal when it took into account a focus on players with low skill benchmarks, as well as psychological factors such as insecurity, impatience, and feelings of selfefficacy. Additionally, the results might suggest the importance of coaching that focus on encouraging players for quickly decision making in a various game situation. Therefore, it might be an important factor to train players’ thinking in order to analyze situations objectively.

    The purpose of this study was to clarify how two factors (distance and release angle) influenced the performance of long-distance play catch as speed training in baseball pitchers. Twelve university baseball pitchers were assigned as the subjects. For the first experiment, they threw balls from 20m up to 80m at intervals of 10m under the free condition. For the second experiment, they threw balls from 20m up to 40m at intervals of 5m under the controlled condition to keep the angle of release flat as much as possible.
    The results are summarized as follows; (1) In S zone (20-40m), the tendency of which the resultant ball velocity at release increased was seen by the horizontal component being emphasized. (2) In M zone (40-70m), the resultant ball velocity at release was decreased and/ or flatten as increasing the release angle significantly. (3) In L Zone (70-80m), the resultant ball velocity at release increased with the rise of the release angle. It was thought that these results indicated (1) long-distance play catch in S Zone was useful as a speed training, (2) long-distance play catch in L Zone was useful as a method of breaking speed plateau.

    In this study, we classified the kinds of goal touch in the butterfly as body undulation and the number of dolphin kicks. Then, we quantified the kinds of goal touch and examined the effectiveness. Participants consisted of ten male, well-trained college swimmers who were monitored with an underwater camera. The goal touch of butterfly was classified into six types, which were then quantified. The results indicated that at the goal touch there was no significant difference in velocity between body undulation and the number of dolphin kicks. However, two types of goal touch had a significant positive correlation: the percentage of stroke length for distance to the goal touch and the percentage of swim velocity for velocity at the goal touch. On the basis of these results, we believe that for an ideal goal touch, the distance must be adjusted on the last moments before the goal touch.

    Success in competitive canoe sprint racing is achieved by taking the shortest time to complete each distance course. This time is dependent on the average speed of the boat, and the average speed is determined by the product of the distance per stroke (DPS) and the stroke ratio (SR). The purpose of this study was to investigate the DPS and SR during menʼs canoe single (C1) races (200, 500, 1000m) in the All Japan International Canoe Sprint Championship.
    The average boat velocity (BV), DPS and SR were determined by recordings using 3 cameras installed at the initial, middle and final section (each section is 25 m) of each race. The subjects were 18 male paddlers, who are finalists of Final A (9 paddlers from 1^st place to 9^th place) and Final B (9 paddlers from 10^th place to 18^th place).
    The BV was significantly higher in Final A than in Final B over all race distances. The SR of each section was significantly higher in Final A than in Final B, but the DPS was not significantly different in most of the race distances. The correlation between BV and SR was significant, although the correlation between BV and DPS was not significant in all of the race distances.
    These results suggest that SR influences BV as a race strategy in C1 races. In addition, DPS in Final A tended to not be long length as a result of high SR.

    The purpose of this study was to determine structured batting tactics from a viewpoint of tactics patterns in high school baseball. Their tactics comprised a combination of hitting, bunt, and steal. Tactics were selected them according to out counts, ball counts, and runners. As results,
1. Many tactics were selected with runners on first and second and no out.
2. There were various tactics on the first pitch.
3. Tactics tended to bunt on the first pitch and steal after one strike.
4. Bunt was significantly low ratio except force play situation and no out.
5. Whether tactics selected bunt or hitting with runner on first and no out, tactics were selected bunt within three-run game and hit more than four-run game.
6. Low-average hitter got a bunt with runner on first and no out, low-average hitter, however, got a hitting with runner on second and no out.
     In conclusions, tactics had different according to count, runner, and score, suggested to be effect on the batting average.

    For the present study, an experiment that measured the eye movement of baseball pitchers was conducted to examine what kind of visual search behaviors take place during their pitching motion. As a result, the following characteristic visual search behaviors were identified. Before and after starting their pitching motion, the pitchers placed their line of vision within the area of the backstop relatively more frequently. In the latter stages of the pitching motion, they placed their line of vision in whatever direction was natural for their eyes to be turned (to the right, in this study) when delivering a pitch from a set position, and they used their peripheral vision rather than their central vision to capture the target at which they would be throwing the ball (catcher or batter). In addition, experienced pitchers held a longer average gaze duration. Both before and after starting the pitching motion, these pitchers showed a higher tendency to place their line of vision in the opposite direction from where they would naturally turn their eyes during the pitching motion.

    This study aimed to examine the effect of coaches’ leadership behavior and the perceived motivational climate created by coaches on players’ goal orientation among Japanese high school ice hockey players.
    One hundred and eighty-five players completed a questionnaire survey in September 2010, which fell in the middle of the athletic season. Respondents were recruited from the 27 teams that participated in the national high school ice hockey tournament in January, 2010. The research items included 1) coaches’ leadership behavior, 2) motivational climate, 3) goal orientations and 4) background information (e.g., age, position and years of ice hockey experience). Path analysis was used to examine the predictor of goal orientations.
    Path analysis revealed that, through motivational climate, leadership behavior indirectly predicted goal orientations rather than directly predicted, whereas motivational climate predicted goal orientations.
    In conclusion, these results highlight that leadership behavior plays a critical role in the creation of a motivational climate which changes players’ goal orientation.

    Instructions associated with the creation of playbooks in flag football can affect tactical learning. However, the specific content of such instructions has received little research attention to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the instructional content of student-designed flag football playbooks that might be most suitable for various stages of development. The characteristics of instructions in pass play assignments were analyzed for sixth graders without any experience in flag football. Self-evaluation of performance during games was also analyzed, with the following results and observations:
(1) The sixth graders were able to recognize the players’ specific movements, and the making of playbooks helped the students understand the players’ level of ability in terms of tactical knowledge.
(2) The sixth graders seemed to focus mainly on individual tactics.
(3) However, instructions to flag football beginners also require consideration for group tactics and different players’ roles within the team.
(4) Accordingly, it is necessary for sixth graders to understand that the creation of playbook instructions must account for various game situations from the viewpoint of group tactics.