This hypothesis-generating study developed an inductive model of relational changes among participants in a parent-child gymnastics class from the instructor's perspective, and looked at these changes in terms of how they were associated with persons and events in the class. The authors led a parent-child gymnastics class, enrolling young children not yet in nursery school (aged 3-4 years) and their mothers, for one year as part of a first-person study. After each session, qualitative data were generated from dialogue-based reflections with the instructor (the first author) and the assistant. The modified grounded theory approach was adopted for analysis.
    Seventeen concepts were generated across six categories, broadly consisting of opinions on relational changes per se, and views of specific factors related to said changes. The instructors recognized that the relational changes among participants in the class could be conceptualized as “transformations from the ‘mother-child unit' to a ‘collective motherchildren group,'” and “mutually independent relationships with the instructors”. These changes allowed the parent-child gymnastics class to be viewed by mothers and children as “a space for communication”, and by all participants (including the instructors) as “a space for ‘platform'”.

    The study aims to quantitatively evaluate the use of punts in high school rugby games to clarify their practical use by winning teams. The subjects were 49 games, which were close game aspects, which were punts (n＝1,349) in the national high school rugby tournament seasons from 2015–2019. The punts were categorized into game-time, area, start of possession, rucks and mauls (R/Ms), position, and type. A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted between the winning and losing teams, and discriminant analysis was subsequently performed.
    The results revealed that if the median punts used in a Japanese high school tournament match is 12, the punts achieved greater statistical significance in winning teams in relation to 45–60min of game-time (U＝695, p<.01), Turnover (U＝776.5, p<.01) and Restart (U＝765, p<.01), than in losing teams. In particular, the results suggest that punts in Turnover are effective. The use of high punt, short punt, grubber kick, and punts from the scrum half is limited in current high school tournament matches. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the technical aspects and decisionmaking process of executing punts.

    In this study, we reviewed the literature on the gliding technique for diagonal-stride cross-country skiing from the perspectives of biomechanical and functional analysis; both of these assess cross-country skiing “externally”. By comparing the results of these analyses, we identified the main focus areas of the gliding technique evaluation using motion analysis.
    1) The temporal order of the movement processes between the phases was different for the early deceleration phase of biomechanical analysis and the primary functional and preparatory secondary phases of functional analysis.
    2) The temporal order of the functional phase movement processes was the same in the late deceleration phase of biomechanical analysis and the transitional secondary phases of functional analysis; however, the movement tasks were different.
    3) The challenges identified in the actions associated with achieving the movement tasks were different in each of the phases. Biomechanical analysis was most important in the analysis of singular movements. On the other hand, functional analysis was more important in the analysis of multiple simultaneous movements.
    In this study, both biomechanical analysis and function analysis were found to have merits and demerits, however results that compared both analyses were found to be most beneficial. Functional analysis grasped the functional unit of movement, considering movement task as an important step in the movement process. Functional analysis provides important findings on movement affinity for the mastery of the movement.
    Therefore, functional analysis can be an important finding, as athletes and coaches are concerned with the practicalities of movement. Functional analysis is better than biomechanical analysis, as it can help in the practical aspects of coaching.
    These findings will make it easier to perform the technicalities of coaching cross-country skiing diagonal strides for both coaches and athletes.

    This study aimed to obtain applicable information for a document that would be useful for constructing and improving the existing the Integrated Coaching system of the other sport associations by considering a factor that enables an Integrated Coaching system of scout and development to promoted in JVA. Therefore, we interviewed the relevant person involved in the construction regarding what he felt about the construction. The interview questions considered the following five ideas: purpose, positioning, problems, ideal form, and history of the Integrated Coaching system in JVA. A semi-structured interview format was used for the investigation. The first researcher of this study acted as the interviewer, analyzed and interpreted the contents of the interview responses. All the authors subsequently performed triangulation to increase the objectivity of the interpretation of the analysis results. By examining the contents of the interview responses, we obtained the following knowledge.
1) By preparing a place for interaction and information exchange among various people concerned with the Integrated Coaching system enhances communication among the concerned stakeholders and enables the performance of various people involved in the Integrated Coaching such as excavation and development committee members and prefecture associations.
2) More substantial activities among various people concerned with the Integrated Coaching system can be identified.
3) The situation with regard to Integrated Coaching as a result of increased communication between people involved in Integrated Coaching are considered to be “visualized”.
4) By the involvement of the national federation leaders in talent scouting at the field level has enabled children to continue the competition at a considerable rate.
    These promoting factors are interdependent, and each factor appears to enable the efficient construction of the Integrated Coaching system.

    We attempted to introduce a pilot study, regarding the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to connect a trainer(author) and a male soccer player(A) from separate locations of operation.
    In this research we performed 2 training sessions per week for 8 weeks via Online Personal Training (OPT), with the purpose of increasing endurance by using a high intensity interval running program, and strength by using strength training. Furthermore, we added upper and lower limbs power training with a purpose to increase long throw ability. As a result, aerobic capacity indexes like lactate threshold and VO₂ max, strength indexes like 3RM bench press and leg press were improved. Furthermore, according to the subject's introspective report, he stated that “I was not out of breath whenever there was an overlap play compared to before”, which can lead us to hypothesize that his improved physical conditioning has contributed to playing performance.
    Throughout this attempt, when we interviewed player A, he positively stated that “having each exercise position simply and specifically explained was helpful”. According to the trainer's perspective, despite the distance we were able to directly observe and correct exercise form and achieved equivalent improvement of physical capacity to actual personal training. Thus, we can surmise that OPT is a viable instructional tool.