This study aims to develop a tennis promotion program for elementary school children who have no experience in tennis so that they can learn the acquisition of manipulative skill while enjoying the game, and to verify the effect of the tennis promotion program and instruction content.

　From the results of the examination on the acquisition of manipulative skill, it was found that the integrated implementation of the Teni-ping program and the P&S program as a tennis promotion program had a certain effect on the acquisition of manipulative skill. However, it was showed that the implementation of P&S programs and instruction content using rackets for lower grade children needs to be carefully considered according to the actual situation of the children. On the other hand, for middle and upper grades children, it was found that the fusion programs and instruction content of the Teni-ping program and the P&S program can be expected to have a great effect from the viewpoint of the acquisition of manipulative skill.

　Next, from the results of the examination on the awareness of fun of the Teni-ping program and the P&S program, it was found that all the participating children who had no tennis experience had fan in both programs.

　From these results, it was showed that the fusion programs and instruction content of the Teni-ping program and the P&S program had a certain effect on the acquisition of manipulative skill and had fun for children.

　The author has been coaching the women's basketball club in high school for 11 years. In this study, we report on my efforts to relieve myself from the pressure of “not losing”, which was a turning point for me as a coach. It happened in the fourth year when I became the head coach of the high school in M prefecture that have made it to the national tournament many times and have won national championships. I was almost overwhelmed by the pressure of “what if I could not lead the team to the national tournament” before the prefectural tournament. At that time, I came across a book “MAEIWAI NO HOUSOKU” and I started “YOSYUKU (Preliminary celebration)”. “YOSYUKU” is to have a concrete image of “when and after winning” before heading to the match, and to enjoy the mood. As a result, the goal of the coaching was no longer a vague “winning the national championship” but a clear and feasible goal “I want to experience the happiness of myself and the people around me after achieving the goal of winning the national championship. Therefore, my approach of coaching changed from “traditional inheritance and coach-centered” coaching to “player-centered” coaching. I did not think about “when I lost” and I was not afraid to lose. Through such efforts, the vague goal of both the author and the members was “I am dying to achieve”, and the practice and games became “fun”. As a result, the team's performance improved.

　The purpose of this study was to examine the process of Fosbury Flop introduction and dissemination in Japan based on articles in an athletics magazine. In the process of introducing Fosbury Flop, Fosbury's technique was already introduced in articles before the Mexico City Olympics. Subsequently, mechanical explanations were provided, and there were discussions not only on attempts to imitate the technique, but also on the development of a technique unique to Japan. As issues for the dissemination, the necessity of arranging a safe landing place was discussed from the early stage of the introduction, and there were concerns about medium- to long-term record stagnation due to the ease of acquiring the technique. To address these concerns, it was suggested that it was important to improve basic physical fitness and to continuously practice other techniques (e.g., Eastan cut off or Straddle-style jump). For the next decades since Fosbury surprised the world with Fosbury Flop, the Japanese track and field community has been analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of Fosbury Flop and looking for effective ways of coaching.

　This study delineates the common characteristics of pitching motion in professional baseball players (Top and Minor groups) by focusing on their upper body. With an aim to gain insight into the development of athletic abilities, the pitching motion of the Top group was compared with the Minor group, resulting in the clarification of upper limb issues in the Minor group and amateur pitchers. The subjects were 47 pitchers belonging to the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). The experiment was a fastball pitch with maximum effort. The analyzed trial was the highest ball velocity (average ball velocity 38.9 ± 1.8 m/s). Post-analysis, the following commonalities and differences were identified. (1) There is a commonality in the sizeable external rotation of the shoulder joint during MER (Maximum External Rotation), which is considered a factor in pitching speed compared to amateur pitchers. However, after evaluating the professional baseball pitchers, it was suggested that this movement had a low influence on the ball velocity. (2) There was a commonality in the movements in which the maximum shoulder horizontal adduction angular velocity was more significant than the upper trunk angular velocity. (3) However, in terms of differences among professional baseball pitchers, the Top group pitchers had a greater horizontal adduction angular velocity of the shoulder joint during MER and a more significant extension angular velocity of the elbow joint during REL (Ball Release) by suppressing the forward tilt angular velocity of the trunk during MER.

　This study aimed to develop a “questionnaire for shared mental models of a basketball team”, based on the classification of shared mental models by Cannon-Bowers et al. (1993), and examine its reliability and validity. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 453 players from university basketball clubs in Japan. Based on an exploratory factor analysis, four factors and 16 items were extracted. The four factors corresponded to the classification of the shared mental models. The following results were obtained regarding the reliability and validity of the “questionnaire for shared mental models of a basketball team”: 1) Its reliability was confirmed via sufficient internal consistency, temporal stability of Cronbach's alpha, and retest reliability coefficients. 2) A significant correlation was found between the developed scale and factors of an existing scale. The average score of each factor of the team with a high competition level was significantly high. Therefore, the scale's criterion-related validity was supported. 3) As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness-of-fit of the model was recognized. Additionally, the validity of the construct of the developed scale was supported. Thus, the “questionnaire for shared mental models of a basketball team” had high reliability and validity. Furthermore, it appropriately evaluated shared mental models in basketball. In conclusion, we developed a new simple scale that conformed to the classification of shared mental models by Cannon-Bowers et al. (1993) and could be used in the field of competition. The results of this study provide a new perspective on team building in basketball.

　In this study, we clarified the effect of breathing instructions on 12 university dancers while performing continuous movements by the evaluation of 20 dance experts. Yashiro et al. (2021) was referred to for the dance trials and breathing instructions. As a result, in the video comparison before and after the breathing instruction, 7 dancers were evaluated as having a better dance after the breathing instruction, and 4 dancers were evaluated as having a better dance before the breathing instruction. There was one dancer who had the same number in both cases. In addition, as a result of analyzing the free responses of dance experts to the dance before and after the breathing instruction by the KJ method, all 23 categories were extracted. Among them, changes were seen in the comparison before and after the breathing instruction: <Out of control> <Body interlocking> <Flow> <Connecting movement and movement> <High performance> <Technique> <Breathing> <Interpretation of movement> There were 8 categories.

　This study aimed to clarify the characteristics in the steep slopes of the giant slalom event in alpine skiing competition for the international ski federation - sanctioned female racers. The subjects were divided into three groups based on the difference between their average running time and the standard deviation: higher, middle, and lower groups. In the time analysis, the steep slope section-time, the average time required per turn, and the average time required for the front and back half of the turn were analyzed. In addition, a technical analysis was conducted with respect to the race line, the orientation of both ski tips on steep slopes, the number of turns with scheren, and the time of clouds of snow plumes for each category. The results revealed that the section-time and the average time required per turn increased as the competition performance decreased. Compared to the higher group, the race lines of the middle group were overrunning at the side and under the gate, while those of the lower group were running far from the gate, at the top of the gate, although they were similar to the race lines of the higher group. Further, race lines were observed in the middle group because the skis were not oriented toward the next gate when passing through the gate and due to the occurrence of scheren after passing through the gate. The background of the race lines observed in the lower group was a long and strong-edging operation after passing the gate.

　The main purpose of conditioning in athletes is to show the results of practice in a competition perfectly. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of training load quantifying by Session RPE and to evaluate the condition using heart rate variability (HRV) in a heptathlete. In this study, HRV, Hooper's score, and training load were monitored for 10 weeks to search the relationship between training and conditioning in a heptathlete. The subject of this study was a female elite Japanese heptathlete. As a result, a significant positive correlation was found between Monotony and Ln rMSSD (r＝0.781, p＜0.01). And a significant negative correlation was found between Monotony and Ln rMSSDcv (r＝－0.706, p＜0.01). In addition, the subjects developed appendicitis after the decrease of Ln rMSSD. Ln rMSSD is the HRV index which decreases due to decreased parasympathetic activity. There are various causes of appendicitis, and One of the causes of appendicitis is invasion by bacteria and viruses and immunological deterioration. In conclusion, it was suggested that Session RPE and HRV are the valid way to the evaluation of training load and condition in heptathletes objectively.

　In this study, we investigated the effect of improving the size of the soccer court on the movement characteristics during the game. As a research method, 10 soccer players equipped with GPS played a game on four courts of different sizes and measured the moving distance and the moving speed during the game. As a result, as the size of the court decreased, the average moving distance and average moving speed during the game decreased. Therefore, it was clarified that the amount of exercise and the intensity of exercise during the game decreased. In addition, the time spent on low-speed exercise during the game increased, but the time spent on high-speed exercise during the game decreased. Therefore, it was suggested that it could be not applied as aerobic medium intensity training or aerobic medium intensity training.

　This study assessed the relationship between evaluations of diagonal stride using the observational evaluation criteria (Igawa, 2021) based on the functional analysis of Göhner (2003) and competitive performance to examine the validity and reliability of the observational evaluation criteria.

　Study participants were 23 male cross-country skiing coaches. The coaches were categorized into two groups: high school and above (n=10) and junior high school and below (n=13). Sixteen highly competitive cross-country skiers were observed and evaluated. Two trials of the diagonal stride for these athletes were videotaped and randomly edited into 16 trials of two sets of videos. The observational evaluation criteria consisted of eight items corresponding to the three functional phases of gliding motion (three preparatory, three main, and two transitional phases). Nine comprehensive evaluations were scored on a five-point scale. Gliding speed, cycle length, cycle rate, and time (800-m trial) of all trials were calculated. The observed participants were classified into the higher, middle and lower group using the mean and standard deviation of kinematic parameters. A two-way ANOVA was performed for each parameter and coaching target factors. The relationship between the evaluation scores for the same athlete's two trials was examined using correlation analysis.

　The main results were as follows:

　1) The main effects or simple main effects were significant for all nine observation items in the four parameters, regardless of coaching target factors. Both scores were high in the order of higher > middle > lower groups for gliding speed, cycle length, and time and middle > higher / lower groups for cycle rate.

　2) A significant positive correlation was noted between the average values of all analysis items and for most evaluation items between the two trials for each athlete.

　Thus, functional analysis results confirmed the validity and reliability of the observational evaluation criteria as an observational evaluation method for the gliding technique for diagonal strides.

　The current Code of Points for women's gymnastics includes over 500 skills as a result of skills development conducted by gymnasts and coaches till date. While in 1968 there were only two difficulty levels, medium and high, the difficulty scale has now been expanded to cover levels from A to J, indicating the development of more advanced skills. This study focuses on the back salto dismount within the salto skill group on uneven parallel bars. Based on an analysis of its relationship with environmental factors, the study objectives primarily include improvements in scoring regulations and apparatus as well as changes in apparatus standards in order to suggest directions for future skills development and provide basic data for preliminary consideration in advancing the historical study of skills development on uneven parallel bars.

　The study can be summarized as follows.

　1．In the late 1970s, Natalia Shaposchnikova and others performed the back hip circle, leading to the development of the back salto dismount as a concluding skill.

　2．In the 1980s, the quality of the back hip circle improved along with the expansion of equipment regulations, with the development of the back salto dismount skill proceeding further under the influence of the Code of Points.

　3．In the 1990s, equipment standards led to increased distance between the bars and made the bar shape thinner and rounder, promoting further development of the back hip circle skill as an approach skill and of the back salto dismount.

　4．In the 2000s, the trend shifted to a new sense of value that could be called the “pursuit of difficulty.”

　Based on these trends, skills development through added structural complexity has been promoted by changes in apparatus standards and the influence of the Code of Points. Skills development is thus likely to proceed further through the “pursuit of difficulty.”