The data obtained at the international male volleyball game Super Four '94 (34 sets in 10 games) were analyzed. The ability to score a total and that to score total side out successes were calculated for our and opponent teams based on the number of serves in team rotation and face-to-face team rotation phases, and then the abilities in each rotation phase was evaluated and compared between teams.

    There were no significant differences in the ability to score a total point and that to score total side out successes in all sets because the coefficient of correlation was r=0.006, whereas significant negative differences were observer with r=-0.380 at a 5% level of significance (p<0.05) when only win sets were evaluated. More, there were also significant negative differences in the ability to score a total point and that to allow an opponent to score a total point with r=-0.380at a 1% leve1 of significance (p<0.01), demonstrating different tendencies between male and female teams.

    The percentage of win sets was 57.1% when the ability to score a total point was evaluated as C (20.8% or more), and 60.9% when the ability to score total side out successes was evaluated as C (47.4% or more). However, the percentage of win sets was markedly decreased to less than 20% when both abilities were evaluated as D.

    We became able to calculate technical results of teams and individual players at each rotation phase by recording technical results of individual players in every rotation phase over the entire game, which were inputted to a personal computer after the end of the game. Preparation of attack and defense formations in our and opponent teams based on the calculated technical results made us to understand the levels of the ability to score a total point and that to score total side out successes in both teams at each rotation phase, and also to characterize our and opponent teams, providing very useful information needed to device a strategy. It was also thought that more effective data could be obtained by adding serves and receives to technical results.

    The rule was revised in 1994, and the serving zone was enlarged and two consecutive contacts was allowed in the first contact. Samples were taken from 190 sets played in the 1995 spring Kyushu league of intercollegiate women's volleyball and analyzed to clarify the influence of the rule revision on service and serve-reception.

    Main findings were as follows:

    1) We divided the 9 meter new serving zone into three 3 meter segments to compare in this study. No considerable difference was found among the three segments in the statistics on the direction of service and the evaluation of results. Service from the previous serving zone accounted for more than half (52.42%) of the whole services.

    2) Directions of services which were instrumental in winning/losing the set differed among the three serving zone segments. It was inferred that the direction of service is very important in the game under the newly revised rules.

    3) The overhand serve-receptions accounted for very small part (1.46%) of the whole serve-receptions.

    4) No considerable difference was found in the evaluation of underhand serve-reception and overhand serve-reception. Almost no influence of the newly revised rules on serve-reception was observed.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the skilled process related to the qualitative change by the movement form of dribble shoot by non-dominant hand in 23 female subjects who were from the third grade to the sixth grade in an elementary school. We also aimed to obtain some suggestion of adaptable instruction of the shooting skill.

    The main results may be summarized as follows:

   1) A certain close relationship was found between the number of experienced month and the score of form. In addition, it was found that the starting time of instruction of dribble shoot by non-dominant hand is effective to start the same time of instruction of dominant hand.

   2) The difference between the skilled process of dribble shoot by dominant and non-dominant hand was appeared by the keep phase. According the develpomental tendency of qualitative change in dribble shoot movement by non-dominant hand was depended on the keep phase.

   3) The skilled process of dribble shoot by non-dominant hand was found to develop step by step through the 6 stages from the state of beginners to that of the skilled performers and to appear the one-handed shoot if the performer was enabled to step the stride pattern from non-dominant foot to dominant foot in the keep phase.

   4) When instructing the dribble shoot by non-dominant hand， it should be instructed through the following processes: to step the stride pattern from non-dominant foot to dominant foot, then to lift the opposite foot of takeoff foot and carry the ball up with one hand, finally to release the ball softly and jump still higher.

    There is a very few research on the structures of development of thentactics of basketball or “goal-type" ball games which has been done until today.

    The development of the tactics of offense and defense of basketball is devided into the following three levels;

(1)Centripetalism or centripetal style of offense and eccentricism or eccentric style of defense.

(2)Bi-functional aspect of offense and defense.

(3)General and specific formulas for development of offense and defense.

    Level (1) concerns with basic tactics, and Level (2) and (3) deal with progressive and systematic elaborations of the fundamental strategies.

    If the tactics of offense and defense of basketball or other “goal-type" ball games are instructed，it is exactly necessary to understand the basics of those kind of development of tactics.

    It is the purpose of this study to clarify and give the suitable instruction of the basics of development of offense and defense tactics of basketball or“goal-type" ball games.

    The purposes of this study were to analyze various kinematic variables in accordance with running styles (stride and pitch) and running phases (accelerating, maximum-speed and decelerating), and to determine characteristics of arm motion in each running style during 100-meter sprinting. Forty-one male college sprinters (100-meter best record: 11" 43±0.40) were selected as subjects, and they were divided into stride-style (ST, N=22) and pitch-style (PT, N=19) groups in accordance with the ratio of stride-length/body height. Running motion in 100-meter sprinting was filmed with a video camera from the side by 60 fps at eight analysis points set up by 10-meter intervals from the start line. Kinematic variables of arm motion such as amplitude of joint-angle, angular velocity and coefficient of variance (CV) of angle for the shoulder and the elbow-joint angles, were calculated.

    The results obtained in this study may be summarized as follows;

    1)Forward-swing angle of the shoulder-joint during arm motion in both groups showed a significantly greater maximum value in accelerating phases than in the others, and in ST backward-swing angle showed greater value in decelerating phases.

    2)Significant differences between ST and PT groups were found in CV and minimum value of the elbow-joint angle during arm motion. Especially, CV in PT group was significantly greater than in ST group at all analysis points except for the fourth point.

    3)As to the characteristics of arm motion, the following was inferred : Amplitude of the shoulder-joint angle and maximum angle during backward swing in ST group increase as running velocity increasing, and ST group tends to swing arms with elbow-joint angle changing during a cycle of running. And the mean value of elbow-joint angle in PT is somewhat greater and PT group tends to swing arms with elbow joint angle fixed during a cycle of running.

    During the long distance running, the most economical step rate (optimal step rate) always coincided with the free step rate. Both the increase and decrease in step rate from the free step rate caused decreasing of running economy in male runner.

    In the present study, EMG of the leg muscles of five males and four females (m.rectus femoris, m.biceps femoris, m.gastrocnemius, m. tibialis anterior) were put on records during running on the motor-driven treadmill at the various step rates. On the data, the effect of neural control of leg muscles on running economy was recognized.

    At a lower step rate (below 160 steps/min.) and a higher step rate (above 180 steps/min.), the electromyographic discharge patterns were remarkably different from running at the economical step rate (170 steps/min.) in male. (For example, discharge occurred earlier, and continued longer).

    The results suggest that neural control of leg muscles is concerned in running economy.

    The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the hurdling time, actions and images in 50 meter hurdle running. Sixty-six female students in college ran the 50 meter hurdles and 50 meter with full effort. They had only experienced hurdle running in their physical education class. We analyzed the hurdling actions with the VTR and the images on hurdling actions by means of the questionnaire, correlation analysis and ANOVA.

    The points on the hurdling actions that were indicated by the results in this study were as follows;

    1) It is important to take off with higher speed by means of shortening the take-off time. Then, the shorter the take-off time is, the larger the angle of take-off leg is.

    2)It is important to take-off from far point and to lengthen the distance of air borne phase. So that the angle of take-off leg is larger.

    3)It is important to have image to lean ahead the upper body and to throw out the lead arm horizontally.

    4)It is important to have image that the rate of the distance in take-off phase and landing phase is equal. Then, this leads the angle of take:"'off leg larger.

    The above-mentioned suggestions are valuable for improving the hurdling performance of inexperienced hurdlers.

    The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the subjective intensity as the ratio to one's maximum effort as 100% and the motor performance as the quantitive output resulted under the various effort in some basic jump exercises such as the vertical jump and the rebounding drop jump from a box of 45cm high.

    As the result, there was a significant and similar positive linear relationship between the subjective intensity and the motor performance in each basic exercise. However, it was shown that the relative motor performances measured at different submaximal efforts to the performance marked at the maximum effort as 100% tend to be higher than each equivalent level of submaximal effort. The difference was tended to be smaller as higher the level of effort to the maximal.

    At the 90% of submaximum effort, 53.3% of the subjects marked their peak performances better than the performance done at the maximum effort during the ascending process from 50% to the maximum for every 10% without the initial maximum trial.

    The result and relationship obtained from this study correspond and support the results and foundings in the previous study on the sprint running (Y. Muraki, 1983)²⁾.

    For the practical application, this relationship between the effort and the output should be mentioned and evaluated periodically for all coaches and athletes to control the optimal training intensity.

    Um das Training von Kunsttumen zu rationalisieren, ist es unentbehrich, daß die Bewegungstechnik einer Element aufgeklärt wird. Im Training wird diese Bewegungstechnik als Bewegungen, Lagen oder Haltungen in jeder Phase von gesamtem Bewegungsablauf des Elements erfaßt. Die Bewegungstechnik steht in enger Beziehung zur Bewegungsstruktur des Elements. So muß diese Informationen der Bewegungstechnik gegenseitig einzeln nicht erfaβt werden.

    Die Bewegungstechnik des Überschlags vorwärts am Pferdsprung sind schon durch A. Kaneko und M.L. Ukran aufgeklärt. Aber wird diese Information der Bewegungstechnik über erste Flugphase oft durch den Lehren ohne Beziehungen auf ihre vorherige und nachfolgende Phasen erfaßt. Daher bleiben diese Informationen für seinen Lehren und Training unnützbare.

    Die Zwecke dieser Betrachtung bestehen darin, daß die Ursache der Entstehung dieses Problems festgestellt wird, daß dieser Problem aufgeklät wird, und daß die methodischen Andeutungen zum Lehren von diesem Element sich gezeigt wird.

    Daraus ergab sich, daß die Information, die mit keinen Beziehungen auf ihre vorherige und nachfolgende Phasen erfaßt wird, für Lehren von dieser Übung. nicht nützlich ist.

    Und wurde hier folgende methodischen Andeutungen abgeleitet:

  1. Tumer soll die rück-hochwärts Schwung der Beine in erste Flugphase nach dem genügenden Studieren an der einfachen Absprungstechnik (und der Aufspiungstechnik auf das Brett) bewußt machen.

  2. Turner soll die rück-hochwärts Schwung der Beine in erste Flugphase nach das Erlemen der überstreckten Lage, die für das Armabdruck wirksam ist,  bewußt sein.

    Von dieser methodischen Andeutungen soll Leitung des Überschlags vorwärts am Pferdsprung rationalisiert werden.

    Recently, in the field of athletic practice, there has been a surge of interest in “CENTER AWARENESS”. It is considered to be an effective way to train rational body movement and for the mental control in athletic practice.

    In Japan, there is a history of hundreds of years of a training method using awareness of the center of a body called “Tanden”. That has been originally practiced among Buddist priests, and considered the core of physical-spiritual improvement. This practice has also widely influenced Japanese traditional culture in general, including arts such as Tea ceremony, Noh dancing, martial arts, calligraphy and medicin, etc.

    Center awareness training in athletics also owes much to this Japanese view on “Tanden”. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the significance of center awareness practice and its reference to the Japanese traditional view of the boby.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different method of service practice. The subjects were two university female volleyball teams.

    Different practice methods were applied to the two volleyball teams. One team carried out the practice using targets, the other without targets.

    Player's mental attitude when serving was measured by questionnaire before, during and after the training period.

    In addition, to examine the effect of training, some games were held between the two teams before and after training.

    The results of the study were as follows.

 1) The team which used targets could disperse service course right and left instead of concentrating the service course on the center as before, without changing the quality of service.

 2) As to mental attitude, player's concentration on service was enhanced. From these results, it was concluded that practice using targets on the court was effective in improving volleyball service.

    Recently, many people have begun participating in sports to maintain physical fitness and health. When they completely lose all games during the early phase, it causes a disinclination to play the game further. This problem should be considered further, seeking ways to encourage the novice to continue the sport. When investigated handicapping methods, we examined the traditional Japanese games “SHOGI" and “GO." In our previous reports, we found both miniaturized courts and miniaturized rackets were beneficial in equalizing a skilled player's abilities with an extremely weak player's abilities.

    In this paper, we discuss the practical values of the 50% miniaturized court and the 40% or 50% miniaturized racket as handicaps for skilled players. Subjects; eight skilled players ranging in age from 18 to 20 years old, who were all university students belonging to the university's table tennis club. Measuring items; scores, game-time, playing-time per point, rally strokes.

    In control games without handicaps, the handicapped player (HP) scored 19.8±3.3, and the advantaged player (AP) scored 15.1±4.6. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between scores.  In handicapped games, HP scores decreased from 19.8 to 16.0 (50% court, ns), to 11.8 (50% racket, p< 0.01) and to 8.0 (40% racket p<0.001). AP scores were increased from 15.1, to 21.1 (50% court, p<0.01), immediately. Regarding game-time and playing-time, comparing these values between control games and handicapped games, there was no significant differences. Differences in rate of rally stroke (RRS) in the control game between HP and AP were significant (p<0.001) on chi-square test. The 50% court extingished the differences in RRS between HP and AP. Use of the 50% racket and 40% racket both had an over-balancing effect on the differences shown in the control game between HP and AP.

    The purpose of this study was to identify types of batting motions and the movement of the bat in baseball. The subjects were 10 baseball players; 7 amateur players of university baseball teams, 1 semiprofessional player of a club team, 2 players of the Cuban national team. Their batting motions were analized with films of two high speed video cameras. The main results are as the followings;

1. The speeds of the head of a bat just before the impact were 25.0-34.0(m/s) for the players of the university teams, and 35.9-37.1 (m/s) for the others.

2. The trajectory of a bat were identified as almost a circle throughout a swing in the horizontal plane for both long-hitting players and those with high-hitting-average.

    Players with high-hitting-average tended to have smaller radiuses of gyration of a bat than long-hitting plyers.

3. Two types were identified in terms ofaxes of shoulder ri10vements in the horizontal plane; fixed at the center of shoulders, and moving from the right shoulder to the left. (All subjects were right-handed batters.)

4. Three types were identified in terms of axes of hip movements in the horizontal plane; right end of hip, left end of hip, and the center of hip. (“hip" means the line between hip joints.)

5. Two types were identified in teηns of the timing of the hip movements; one starting in the first part of the swing, and the other starting just before the impact.

    This study aims to discuss the laterality both by a questionnaire survey and a long jump record survey, which made it possible to make a contrastive study of a conscious preferred foot and the long jump records.

    The results were as follows:

    1) The questionnaire confirmed which was the preferred foot in a running long jump, a running high jump and a ball-kicking.

       The preferred foot jump both in a running long jump and a running high jump produces better long jump records than the non-preferred foot jump.

       The preferred foot in the ball-kicking has no relevance with long jump records.

    2) The difference of. the performance between the long jump by the preferred foot and the one by a non-preferred foot was most conspicuous in a running long jump among the standing long jump, the one-step long jump and the running long jump.

    3) The records in the one-step long jump and the running long jump were best only when the same preferred foot was employed in both the running long jump and the running high jump.

    It was potentially found that the preferred foot for take-off had some relationship with the amount of technical elements and its skillfulness involved in the exercise concemed.