Inappropriate coaching such as violence and power harassment have occurred in competitive sports in Japan. These problems are thought to be caused by the characteristics of competitive sports, such as strong master-slave relationships and the virtue of perseverance. Previous studies have indicated that athletes accept inappropriate coaching in order to develop their careers and improve their athletic performance, including these characteristics. On the other hand, it is possible that athletes respond in various ways, such as by making accusations or rebelling, in light of problems such as neurosis and early retirement. Thus, when athletes are confronted with inappropriate coaching, they may not simply accept it obediently, but may choose various ways of responding to complex factors, but it has not been clarified how athletes actually judged and chose the ways of responding.

　Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify how athletes respond to inappropriate coaching and the factors that influence their responses. The research method was an interview survey of top athletes at the end of their careers. Retrospective interviews were conducted with three former top athletes at the international competition level and analyzed by SCAT.

　The results revealed three types of risk responses: risk aversion, risk reduction, and risk retention. In particular, the risk retention revealed a variety of factors, not only the obedience due to the master-slave relationship as pointed out in previous studies. Based on these results, it is necessary to pay attention to what factors athletes choose risk retention, rather than simply focusing on obedience, in order to improve inappropriate coaching in competitive sports. The results also suggest that inappropriate coaching may be increased when top athletes choose non-strategic retention.

　The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the structure of the kinesthetic form of “Off-the-Ball Movement” in invasion-type ball games of the learners aspiring to become physical education teachers. Other-observation, being one of the professional abilities of physical education teachers, is supported by the self-observation competence. To develop self-observation in “off-the-ball movement”, it is necessary to clarify the structure of the learner's kinesthetic form from a phenomenological viewpoint. Accordingly, we asked students, who were aspiring to become physical education teachers, in a soccer class, to complete survey forms using the method of phenomenological reflection analysis. In addition, detailed “static analysis” was performed on A, a survey respondent and an experienced soccer player. As a result of the structural analysis of “off-the-ball movement” of student A, the following three essential elements were ascertained: (i) the attentive observation of space, opponent, state of ally, and ball position to grasp the situation, (ii) the careful decision where to position in the space against the ball holder, and (iii) the cautious motion of the body in a direction to immediately respond to the subsequent situations. It was further revealed that the symbolized kinasthese had unconscious consciousness, such as the consciousness of capturing an object to grasp the situation. Our present findings contribute to create the typology of events in coaching studies including soccer.

　This study aimed to clarify the attack gain structure in Sevens Rugby, and to compare the characteristics of men and women with regard to the indicators related to breaking the defence line in attack gain, and identify the important factors of plays and patterns of ball continuity. 64 games from the top 16 teams in the Men's and Women's 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens were selected as samples. Five analytical factors were defined: Restart Plays, Area Classification, Attack Gain, Sideways Movement, and Ball Movement Counts. The results of the analysis revealed the following. 1) There was no gender difference in the frequency of attacking gains however, attack gain rates were high with defence line breaks for men and defence losing meters for women due to the women's higher tendency of moving the ball than men. 2) The variables that most influenced attack gain rate were restart plays, followed by area classification, ball movement and attack phases were less important. 3) Attack gain rate from tap kicks and turnover attack were higher, and attack gain in the own half was caused by defence losing meters, and in the opposition half was caused by defence line breaks. 4) During restart plays with a low attack gain rate at the first branch, three sideways movements for men, and four sideways movements for women caused higher defence line break rates, and attack from the middle area and changing directions increased the attack gain rate.