In soccer, straight kick, curve kick and knuckle kick are used. Knuckle kick is performed in free kicks frequently, because it is easier to gain ball velocity than curve kick. So it became important kick skill. This study investigated effective training methods for knuckle kicks by considering the training processes used in a motor training experiment. In this study, 15 male collegiate soccer players participated in organized training with a coach approximately once every two weeks over a two-month period. During training, participant setbacks were recorded alongside commentary from the participants about their own kicks. An optical three-dimensional motion capture system was used to conduct motion analysis before and after the training period, analysing where the point of impact occurred on both the foot and ball. According to the motion analysis, the horizontal rotation of the ball was significantly decreased after the training period (p<0.05), showing improvement in the skills. Regard to learning of increasing ball velocity and decreasing ball rotation in knuckle kick skill, participants are divided into stepwise and simultaneous types. The setback that ball rotation get increase accompany with raising ball velocity was observed in the stepwise type. With respect to verbalization, participants were divided into two separate groups: voluntary verbalizing and onomatopoeic types. In the learning process, it was considered that participant of simultaneous and verbalizing type learned more effectively than others. It is therefore suggested that, amongst the training methods investigated in this study, training for simultaneous learning with verbalization is the most effective approach.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate technical factors in floater shot, which is a new and an advanced basketball skill, by comparison between an expert (n＝1) and a novice (n＝1) in Japanese basketball player. Each subject had executed floater shots against a defense until 10 successful floater shots were completed. Nine trials of running jump on left foot, the most emerging pattern from the subjects, were assessed by a three-dimensional motion analysis system. By comparison between the expert and the novice player, the expert player demonstrated 1) significantly longer time catching the ball to jumping, 2) significantly shorter travel distance of center of gravity in a phase between taking off the ground and landing 3) a posture that expert playersʼ shoulder was consistently parallel on the hip in the horizontal plane, and 4) higher reproducibility in the upper body kinematics during a phase between taking off the ground and releasing the ball.

    This study aims to describe how coaches intervened in a game, within the rules of basketball games in Japan from the late 1910s to the 1930s.
    The results of the study can be summarized as follows.
1. According to the rules post 1917, coaches were not allowed to give instructions to players on the court, even during time out. Furthermore, the rules of that time forbade communication with players who were already on the court and players swapping in during pauses for player substitutions, which limited the coach’s ability to use substitutions to intervene in the game.
2. Coaches existed in Japan in 1917. The coach’s role was to give instructions to the players during half time, and to request player substitutions.
3. Before 1924 simple game tactics were used. However after 1924 teams began to use more organized tactics and coaches started to intervene.
4. At that time coaches would intervene by calling a substitution and giving instructions to the player entering the court. When play resumed, the newly substituted player would relay the coach’s instructions to the players already on the court.
    Thus, when it comes to games, history proves that coach intervention is important in order to attempt complex and systematic tactics.

    The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship in sports movement between execution time and accuracy in basketball three-point shots. Skilled university female basketball players attempted three-point shots in succession under three different time conditions―normal, short and long shot times. Using a timer buzzing at fixed intervals, experienced basketball players passed a basketball to the subjects who would catch it and take the shot. Each trial consisted of five sets of 20 shots/set. Measured items were shot success rates, shot time structure and variations of shot movement.
    Successful shooting percentages were significantly lower for the short shot times than the other conditions. Furthermore, in conjunction with a shortening of the shot time, it was revealed that shot preparation time decreased on the whole. This means that having or not having the time necessary for preparation greatly influenced shot performance. Unevenness of the movement was significantly greater in the short time condition than the other conditions. From this, it is clear that increase in unevenness is related significantly to the drop in shot success rate, and it may be said that steadiness of shot movement is one of the important factors for performance improvement.
     Based on the foregoing, it cannot be simply said that accuracy and execution time are tradeoff relations for sports movement, and it is thought there are most suitable times for execution.

    This study aimed to establishing a method of analyzing the motor form of emergence embodied knowledge pertaining to “Off-the-ball movement” in goal-type ball games. The reason is that, because of the features of the ball games played as part of school physical education, game players are engaged in “Off-the-ball movement” for a much longer time than “on the ball skill”. The learning achievements are the formation of kinesthesia enabling motion according to a game situation.
    The subject of our study is the teaching of football, which 65 students. For the survey, we employed a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions made for each area of emergence embodied knowledge and 3 questions for description entry using a phenomenological method. These answers were interpreted by one aspect of sympathy in human science. Student was a subject of the study had been immature in understanding kinesthesia in the beginning of the lesson and was faced with her own kinesthesia through motor program onto others. Moreover, during practice, after having lecture related to her strategic actions, she was able to recall her past kinesthesia and was oriented to put it into an appropriate form. After that she converted her kinesthesia into a form of “Off-the-ball movement” according to the situation she was faced with. Furthermore, by applying this form to other game situations, she acquired her embodied knowledge. We succeeded in submitting the method of analyzing the motor form of emergence embodied knowledge pertaining to “Off-the-ball movement”.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate how coaching based on HUT for tackling would affect playersʼ tackling characteristics during a game, and to inspect ways on improving tackling skills for players with experience of multiple concussions, which would result in obtaining beneficial material for coaching. Head impacts on football players include direct association to brain and spine injury, and chronic injuries such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). So, all tackles attempted by the targeted player (who has had multiple concussion experiences) during the 2016 and 2017 seasons and before and after HUT intervention executed in the 2017 season were analyzed. A total of 25 coded tackles were compared in terms of “tackling characteristics” to examine the effect of HUT intervention on improving safe tackling skills. The result revealed that (1) the “Posture” and “Leverage” in “Pre-contact phase” was improved after HUT intervention. (2) the “Type of tackle” in “Contact phase” was improved after HUT intervention. (3) all categories of “Post-contact phase” was improved after HUT intervention. Therefore, intervention of the HUT program may improve tackling skills even with a player with experience of multiple concussion. This result of the study is seen to be an effective and useful material for coaching safe tackling skills.

    The aim of this study was to investigate the coaching beliefs of foreign high-performance track and field coaches in South East Asian countries. Five foreign coaches from Germany, Portugal, and New Zealand who represented Malaysia and Singapore in track and field events at the South East Asian Games in 2017 were asked to participate and were interviewed in this study. For the purposes of this research, the factors believed most important for coaching from the coach’s perspective were asked. The results showed that the coaching beliefs of foreign high-performance track and field coaches in South East Asian countries were divided into 3 categories. These were (a) goal oriented: developing athletes’ competence and developing athletes’ character; (b) coaches’ knowledge oriented: professional knowledge, and interpersonal and intrapersonal knowledge; and (c) coaching context oriented: coaching context.

    We aim to clarify relationships between longitudinal changes in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism capacities and training in well-trained 800-m runners, and to identify strategies for effective 800-m training. Eight male middle-distance runners (800-m seasonal best time, 1′53″7±1″6) participated. Their 800-m running performances were set the best competition time in April-June and July-November, and calculated average running velocity. Three running tests on a treadmill were conducted to determine aerobic (maximal oxygen uptake [VO₂max], lactate threshold [LT] and running economy [RE]) and anaerobic (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit [MAOD] and maximal blood lactate accumulation [LAmax]) energy metabolism capacities in July and November. Δ (％) represents changes in 800-m running performance and aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism capacities. Training during this period was used to evaluate length of training time, and training ratio by three intensities; below the LT (zone 1), at or above the LT and below the VO₂ max (zone 2) and at or above the VO₂max (zone 3). Δ800-m running performance showed a positive tendency relationship with ΔRE and ΔLAmax ( r＝0.67 and 0.70, respectively), and a negative tendency relationship with zone 1 training ratio (r＝－0.70). Further, ΔRE and ΔLAmax were negatively associated with zone 1 training ratio (r＝－0.90 and －0.79, respectively), and positive associated with zone 3 training ratio (r＝0.79 and 0.75, respectively). Thus, improved RE and/or LAmax may improve 800-m running performance, and increasing high-intensity (>VO₂max) training during a competitive period can improve these energy metabolism capacities.

    The purpose of this study is to clarify the race pattern and change characteristics of race pattern in the different recording from Inter-High School competition (IH) to National Sports Festivals in Japan (NS) in high school 400m hurdles. The races from IH and NS in the years 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2015 were videotaped, panning from the start to the finish. Each time at touchdown immediately after hurdling from the start, and each section number of step were obtained. Each parameter between IH and NS was compared in all subject and type of race patterns in IH. Each section was defined as follow: Section1 (S1) was from start to 2th hurdle (H2). S2 was H2-5. S3 was H5-8. S4 was H8- finish. Our results were showed as follow.
    1) Type A (speed maintenance: n＝9) was faster in S2 (H1-5), and higher in the rate of deceleration in NS.
    2) Type B (speed reduction: n＝18) was faster in S4 (H8-Run in), and lower in the rate of deceleration in NS.
    3) The performance of the Type A is superior to that of the Type B. These results indicate that the section should improve the speed different for each type of race patterns.

    The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the exercise intensity in a Rugby Sevens Game by a DLT method that measured the moving speed and the moving distance in a game and comparing with previous research of a Fifteens rugby game. No significant difference was observed between the average distance (1.45±0.15km) and the average speed (1.60±0.16m/s) of FW during a game and the average distance (1.48±0.14km) and the average speed (1.63±0.15m/s) of BK. There was also no significant difference between these parameters for each uniform number. From the analysis of six categories on the basis of the maximum speed in the game, it was estimated that about 10 seconds of middle/high-intensity exercise per in-play and out-play time and about 51 seconds of low/middle-intensity exercise including a rest period per in-play and out-play time were repeated during one game. These results showed that a Sevens rugby game has less specific characteristics in terms of position and is faster in terms of moving speed than a Fifteens rugby game. From the results of exercise intensity in this study, it was considered that the higher exercise intensity, the longer exercise time and the shorter rest time were needed in training for a Rugby Sevens Game than for a Fifteens rugby game.

    This study sought to clarify the impact of game format differences on goalkeeper play through a comparative examination of goalkeeper play in games of 8-a-side soccer in Japan and 7-a-side soccer in Catalonia, Spain, two formats used respectively in each region in competitions for players aged 12 years and under. At the same time, it offers a discussion of future approaches to goalkeeper coaching.
    This led to clarification of the following:
    1) Given that goalkeepers in both countries take the offensive more frequently in game formats with fewer players, such formats appear to be effective for promoting offensive plays by goalkeepers.
    2) When the goalkeeper is in possession of the ball, whereas Japanese players have a strong tendency to choose long kicks such as side volleys, Spanish players have a strong tendency to elect to throw the ball to attempt a more reliable relay.
    3) Spanish goalkeepers have a strong tendency to be involved in build-up play with passes and support.
     4) On goal kicks, whereas Japanese players have a strong tendency to choose long kicks, Spanish goalkeepers have a strong tendency to make short passes to teammates who are in a position to advance the ball.
    5) In terms of goalkeeper defense, whereas Japanese players stop fewer shots and make more plays to cover the space behind the defense line, Spanish players stop more shots and make fewer plays to cover the space behind the defense line.