The purpose of this study was to clarify movement tasks of locomotion in ball games and to model them for optimizing training. Coaching manuals and videotapes of games of 13 kinds of sports, including ball games and non-ball games, were utilized as the basic materialsin this study.

    Movement tasks of locomotion in common situation to the sport games, where players didn't operate the ball nor contact with the other players, could be described from the viewpoints of target positions and anticipation of them. Movement tasks for training were then modeled with parameters which were variety of target positions, mobility of them, possibility of anticipation, distance for a target position and time limit to reach it. First three of the parameters indicated the degree of anticipated uncertainties corresponding to the relative relationship between open-skill and closed-skill. It was suggested that operating the parameters in the model could possibly optimize training for locomotion in ball games.

    The time course of the heart rate (HR) was observed during and after 2-man, 4-man, 6-man, 8-man, and 10-man mini-soccer games by measuring the HR in 46 adult males (age 36.4±3.8years) every 5 seconds. The validity of HR estimation during the game compared to HR after the game was evaluated. One game of 7-minute duration was performed. The following results were obtained.

    In every game, the HR increased rapidly 1-3 minutes after the beginning of the game and remained at a plateau until the end of the game.

    The HR at 5 seconds (181.1±9.1bpm in 2-man, 169.8±9.8bpm in 4-,6-,8-man, and 156.1±10.7bpm in 10-man,) and at 5-15 seconds (178.4±9.5bpm in 2-man, 167.7±10.3bpm in 4-,6-,8-man, and 150.9±11.1bpm in 10-man) after the end of the games were lower by 0-2 bpm and 2-3 bpm than that during the 4 minute immediately before the end of the games, respectively.

    The HR 5 seconds and 5-15 seconds after the end of the games were significantly correlated with that during each time interval during the 2- and 8-man games, respectively.

    In this study, we analyze the gliding form by using a digital video camera system connected to an underwater force plate. In addition, we also examine the streamlined position of the body by considering motion analysis and the locus of the center of gravity as well as information regarding the body positions in the pre and post skill practice stages. Six male and seven female beginner varsity swimmers were employed as subjects for measuring the force and the images of the gliding motion while swimming. The experimental protocols were as follows: approximately an hour per day, twice a week, and a total practice period of around a month. The average distance covered by the gliding motion for the male swimmers was 7.5 ± 0.64 m in the pre-training stage and 8.50 ± 0.93 m in the post-training stage. On the other hand, it was 6.9 ± 0.91 m in the pre-training stage and 8.1 ± 1.52 m in the post-training stage for the female swimmers (p<0.05). There were significant differences between the pre and post-practice stages with regard to the duration of push off in the male and female subjects, respectively. During the post-practice stage, the depth of the center of gravity for the male and female subjects was more apparent than that during the pre-practice stage; in addition, the angle of the hip joint appeared at a position parallel to the water surface, submerging 0.5 s after kick off. Moreover, the awareness of the body position during the gliding motion showed greater values when compared with that of the pre-practice stage. The body position of the male and female swimmers, particularly during the contact phase and after the kick off phase, exhibited deeper submerging with a streamlined position. These findings support the notion that it might be beneficial for beginner swimmers to perform the gliding motion underwater at a depth of around 0.4 m in order to reduce the vortex drag efficiently.

    The present research aimed to characterize the baseball bat swings of high-school baseball players. Despite the difficulties associated with establishing a classification standard for the quantitative evaluation of bat swings, the acceleration applied to the bat was measured during high-school baseball players' swings. Subjects were 53 high-school baseball players who swung an experimental bat. The knob of the experimental bat was equipped with accelerometers, which measured the three components of linear acceleration and the three components of angular acceleration applied to the bat. Classification of players' swings based on the acceleration applied to the bat revealed the following results.

    (1) Evaluation of players' swings based on the acceleration applied to the bat was possible. This evaluation clarified methods for applying force and torque to the bat during a swing. (2) Based on changes in acceleration and the angular acceleration applied to the bat just before impact, the swings of these players were classified into nine categories. (3) These nine categories were further consolidated into three types based on changes in angular acceleration. In one type, angular acceleration of the bat decreases before impact. However, all subjects were divided into the remaining two types, in which angular acceleration of the bat increases before impact or angular acceleration of the bat does not increase before impact. These results suggest that classification of bat swings is possible.

    This research is to investigate the social demand for “Sports-Oriented Universities". And this is one of many researches, whose basic aim is to clarify the possibility of establishing networks for contributing to extensive sports activities and athletes training activities.

    The aim of this research is to explain how the participants accepted the Athlete Support Program in the sport course for strengthening elite players, which had been held by “A" prefecture High School Athletic Federation twice a year in 2001 and 2002.

The research shows as follows;

1. The contents of the program are absorbed by the participants and lead to the positive recognition in their later sports lives.

2. The program was accepted positively by the participants and they recognized the main theme of the program, which is the importance of the intellectual part of sports. And finally, the program roused their desire to apply the intellectual part of sports effectively to their later sports lives.

    The distinctive points in defensive tactics identified among the world-class soccer games are:

(1) Refined pass courses.

(2) Down-sized defensive positioning.

(3) Swift offense-defense changeover.

(4) Attempts to get back to one's own goal.

    I have developed training and coaching methods where players effectively understand and try the above four defensive tactics. The training method was tested with a college soccer team for a year.

    To examine the effectiveness, seven games each from the first half and the second half of Kanto College Soccer League were studied through video-recorded images for the number of interception and the number of times for conceding a goal. The study showed a significant difference in the number of interception, proving the effectiveness of the training method based on the defensive tactics.

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the force measurement in tethered swimming (TS) in place for the power measurement in semi-tethered swimming (STS). To perform this purpose, force in TS of primary school swimmers, as subjects, participated in N prefecture swimming association official swimming competition as a field test was measured using the electrical force gauge (IMADA: DPX-50T). Furthermore, the swimming velocity as a performance in each subject was calculated from the record in 50m. The relationship between the force in TS and the swimming velocity was investigated. Additionally, to reconfirm the relationship the force in TS and the performance in swimmers, the force of TS of 10 male primary and junior high school swimmers were measured using the above mentioned force gauge and analysis system (ELMEC: DAQ-WIN Ver4.7) as a laboratory test. In this measurement, the above-mentioned relationship was re-examined.

    The results of this study were summarized as follows;

    1) The relationships between the force in TS (Y) and the swimming velocity (X) in male crawl stroke in the field test was Y=14.42X-8.63 (R=0.58). This relationship was significant statistically (p<0.001).

    2) The relationships between the force in TS and the swimming velocity in male crawl strake in the laboratory test was Y=35.21X-33.22 (R=0.94). This relationship was significant statistically (pく0.001).

    3) From these results, the force measurement in TS was able to use in place for the power measurement in semi-tethered swimming (STS) as an index of the performance of swimmer.