The goals of the study were to investigate the effects on bone bioactivity of a titanium dioxide layer formed by hydrothermal oxidation of a titanium surface with hydrogen peroxide(H
2O
2) and loading with fibroblast growth factor-2(FGF-2) in vitro and in vivo.
Ti-6Al-4V discs were hydrothermally oxidized with H
2O
2 and then loaded with FGF-2. After cytotoxicity testing, Ti-6Al-4V mini-implants were subjected to the same treatment, and their osteogenic potential was evaluated histologically in a rat model.
H
2O
2 hydrothermal oxidation resulted in a dense porous network structure and hydrophilic changes, which improved retention of FGF-2. Morphologically, the cell density was higher, cell elongation was more pronounced, and the cell adhesion area was significantly higher in FGF-2-loaded cells than in those without FGF-2. In a cell proliferation assay using mouse osteoblast-like cells, absorbance tended to increase over time, especially in the FGF-2 group after 7 and 14 days. In a bone differentiation assay based on ALP activity, there was a significant increase in the FGF-2 group after 14 days. In the rat model, H
2O
2 hydrothermal oxidation and FGF-2 loading both resulted in more laminar bone tissue in the bone marrow around the mini-implant.
These results suggest that titanium surface functionalization using H
2O
2 hydrothermal oxidation and FGF-2 may promote initial cell adhesion, proliferation and osteodifferentiation, and enhance bone bioactivity. These effects all contribute to the early bonding of an implant with the surrounding bone.
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