The in vitro dissolution rates of phenytoin were compared between commercial and hospital pharmacy-made tablets by the modified beaker method of Levy and Hayes.
Six out of 7 lots of the commercial tablets released 56.0-67.5% phenytoin in 90 min., compared with only 52.7 % in one lot. The dissolution rates of phenytoin from three different lots of the tablets showed considerable variation at the initial stage. when the test fluids (pH 1.2) were replaced by buffer solutions (pH 7.5) of three formulae, the dissolution rates of phenytoin from tablets in each medium differed markedly. Remarkable changes in the dissolution rates were observed when the commercial tablets were aged at the room temperature for one year.
The dissolution rates of phenobarbital from tablets were much faster than those of phenytoin and all lots of tablets showed release, at least 85 % of the drug, within 30 min. It can be generalized that the rates of phenobarbital from the hospital tablets were faster than the commercial ones.

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Digestive activity, dissolution and stability of enzyme ingredients were compared among three commercial products (A, B and C) of multiple digestive enzyme capsules containing gastric active ingredients and enteric coated granules, respectively. Product A provides mainly gastric active enzymes with strong amylase activity. Dissolution of enzymes from enteric coated granules was observed in the acidic solution, but the rate was faster in the alkaline solution. Product B provides enzymes which maintain their activity throughout the gastrointerstinal tract and has strong protease activity. Dissolution patterns of enzymes were similar to product A. Product C provides mainly enteric active enzymes with less cellulase activity. Lipase compounded in gastric active ingredients should be transferred to enteric coated granules. Enteric coated enzyme ingredients were scarcely dissolved in the acidic solution, and the dissolution rate was lower in the alkaline solution. Enzymatic activity of the three products, except lipase, were stable.

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Incompatibility between two each of nine commercial injectables containing, respectively, different hemostatic ingredients was studied. When a menadione bisulfite solution (500 mg/5ml) was mixed with an ascorbic acid solution (500 mg/2ml), color of the mixture changed and, in six hours, needle crystals separated out.

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Incorporation of corticosteroids into the ointment bases and uniformity of homogenous ointments were microscopically observed. Of 32 commercial ointments, separating of steroid crystals was found in 18 products, not found in 5 products, and judgment was difficult in 9 products. It can be concluded that simple microscopic observations are considerably useful to pass judgment on pharmaceutical technology.

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Pharmaceutical properties of two brands of commercial dipyridamole sugar-coated tablets were compared. Product A, a home-made tablet preparation sugar-coated in a special procedure (i. e. single-liquid sugar coating), is characterized by thinner coating than that of product B, an imported tablet sugar-coated in conventional procedure. It was found out in the experiment that product A is slightly less in weight variation of tablet, and harder and slightly more stable than product B. Further, Product A showed disintegration time1/4 as short as product B and dissolution rate was several times faster.

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A computerized electronic system for data processing was introduced in analyzing trends in prescribing medicines at respective clinical departments of the University of Tokyo Hospital. It became, as a result, possible to make rapid collection and prompt retrieval of reliable data on consumption of medicines, dosages and trend in combination of medicines.

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The reasons for the fact that outpatients leave without receiving medicines dispensed at the pharmacy of University of Tokyo Hospital were studied. There were 412 prescriptions of unreceived medicines out of 14, 572 outpatient prescriptions in November 1974. Evident correlation was observed between the total numer of prescriptions a day and the number of prescriptions for unreceived medicines. The patients under 10, 21-30 and over 71 years of age did not receive more medicine than those in other age groups. Major reasons may be 1) young businessmen were too busy to wait long until their medicines were dispensed, and 2) infants and old patients were not in good physical conditions. Patients with chronic diseases most often left hospital without medicine. It can be concluded that the longer the waiting time for dispensing, the greater the number of unreceived medicines.

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Humidity, dustability or angle of repose may have relation to the loss in weight on dividingand packaging of powder. The above physical Properties and factors were examined with powders in three forms such as fluffy powder, fine granule and granule. It seems that the loss in weight on dividing of powder changes in proportion to the mixing ratio and the angle of repose, and in inverse proportion to the dispersibility. But the loss of weight may depend more largely on physical factors other than the angle of repose and dispersibility, because the rate of weight loss is different by the form and quality of powder.

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Two kinds of powders with different physical properties were chosen to examine the relations between the angle of repose, dispersibility and the loss in weight on dividing and packaging. The loss in weight on dividing of the two kinds of powders, when mixed, may depend largely on their physical properties. Actually, the relation between dispersibility and the loss in weight, though largely depending on physical properties of powders, generally fluctuated in proportion to the mixing ratio. The angle of repose showed a tendency to fluctuate in proportion to the mixing ratio. But when two kinds of powders with different physical properties are mixed, it is difficult to measure the angle of repose because they separate before measuring. Therefore, it is impossible to observe minutely the relation between the angle of repose and the loss in weight on dividing.

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Microdetermination of nitrogen-containing pharmaceuticals by means of bleaching powder on the plate of thin-layer chromatograph was studied. In the bleaching powder method, several drops of 2N-HC1 are added to 2-3g of bleaching powder. The powder generates chlorine to chlorinate NH radical which is to be detected by iodo-starch reaction. This method, like tert-butyl hypochlorite (TBHC) method, is one of the most “sensitive” ways of determining pharmaceuticals containing NH radical. However, as in the case of TBHC method, the bleaching powder method showed positive reactions to a number of tertiary amines and cyclic tertiary amines. Further, when large amount of sample were used in this method, a color developed in the presence of some quartery ammonium compounds and nitrogen-free pharmaceuticals. Thus the bleaching powder method, as well as TBHC method, cannot be a specific method for determination of NH radicals. But it may remain useful as simple method of microdermination of nitrogen-containing pharmaceuticals.

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