Through hearing survey on such private enterprises as property insurance companies and consultants on construction or on business continuity planning, we estimated industrial scales and potential customers of assessment of storm and flood risks. A necessary condition for securing profitability independent of public expenses is identifiability of beneficiaries as to be charged. In both cases of subcontracts of public work and of independence of public expenses, advanced enterprises capable of down-scaling global-warming-simulation data to horizontal resolutions higher than 2km are indispensable to ecosystem. (1) For the time being, outsourced to enterprises advanced in meteorological and turbulent simulations (DS-advanced enterprises) under support of universities or public research institutes, huge computational resources are necessary to down-scaling all over Japan to set national criteria in disaster prevention, property-insurance rates, and so on, while the universities or the public research institutes do not license intellectual property exclusively to a DS-advanced enterprise. (2) Partnership contracts with confined DS-advanced enterprises are necessary to super-large-capacity data transfer through OPenDAP servers.

Using a model in which consumers’ utility is determined by consumption and savings, we show that the balanced budget multiplier is 1 in monopolistic competition even under divisible (or elastic) labor supply and increasing returns to scale, and we also prove the existence of involuntary unemployment when government expenditure is insufficient and that involuntary unemployment is not eliminated and full employment is not automatically achieved even if the nominal wage rate and prices are flexible. Also using a simple model we show that involuntary unemployment occurs in Nash equilibrium of a game with a firm and consumers.

  Organic farming attracts attention as an environment-friendly agriculture. In organic farming, livestock manure compost and organic fertilizers are applied without chemical fertilizers or pesticides. However, these organic fertilizers are decomposed into nitrate ions in the soil, and most of the portion which is not absorbed by the crops is leached underground. Nitrate nitrogen is a causative agent of eutrophication in the water environment, and there is a risk of methemoglobinemia for infants to drink water. In this study, environmental water samples were collected once every two weeks for a total of 10 locations around Nishikibaru plateau, in Aya town, Miyazaki, where organic farming is flourishing and measured those nitrate nitrogen concentrations. As the result, the concentration was stable in only one of the 10 locations, especially at a concentration exceeding 10 mg/L from around April. However, it is considered adequate to be careful about drinking spring water in the water environment around the Nishikibasu plateau in Aya Town at present.