According to the concept of "fiscal discipline" public finance must be balanced, at least in the long run. The school of thought known as MMT (Modern Monetary Theory), which has been gaining attention recently, rejects this idea. However, it is often pointed out that MMT lacks the mathematical analysis used in standard economics discussions. This study aims to provide a simple theoretical and mathematical basis for the MMT argument, while maintaining the basics of the neoclassical microeconomic framework, such as utility maximization of consumers by means of utility function and budget constraint, and equilibrium of supply and demand of good, under perfect competition with constant returns to scale technology. Using a simple overlapping generations (OLG) model that includes economic growth due to technological progress and pay-as-you-go pension system, we will show the following results. The budget deficit equals the increase in people's savings (net of pay-as-you-go pensions), and the accumulated amount of the budget deficit equals their savings. The budget deficit is the cause and the savings is the result, not the other way around. The budget deficit is created by the government, which in turn determines income, which in turn determines the savings. The budget deficit creates the savings, not that the savings finance the budget deficit. Reducing the budget deficit will reduce savings, income, and consumption.

As the development of alternative energy becomes an important challenge, the biomass power generation attracts attention. Old natural rubber trees will be expected as one of the woody biomass fuels for power generation plants. Some old natural rubber trees are used for household furniture as laminated lumber, while, others are sometimes left because of the difficulties of cutting, transportation and processing. Funding for replantation of old natural rubber trees expects them to be utilized for the biomass power generation.

  This is a review of preceding research regarding the CDD (Community-Driven Development) approach and its impact on women and minorities’ empowerment. Women were dominated by males in societies in the past. Now in developed countries, the situation has changed. Women have equal opportunities in every aspect, while in developing countries discrimination still exists especially in the field of education. Constitutionally discrimination has been eliminated but in actual society attitude toward women is still discriminating. In international societies, donor agencies have focused on empowering women to participate with equal opportunities in the development process of developing countries. CDD approach is also an approach that aims to eliminate poverty, realize economic growth, and promote empowerment of women and vulnerable groups and minorities through a participatory approach. World Bank and Asian Development Bank have increased their budget allocation to women empowerment programs. Compulsory women participation rule by ADB and World Bank in CDD program also helped women get out from the limited household jobs to society. Through participating in community group meetings, women were given opportunities to raise their voices regarding their needs and rights. Women explored themselves through economic, political, and human development activities. In many projects, women’s participation was found to be more than 40%. Impact evaluation of CDD projects found increased women literacy, improved life expectancy and reduced gender gap, and better Human Development Index.