Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan
Online ISSN : 1883-0811
Print ISSN : 0287-8321
ISSN-L : 0287-8321
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Volume 46, Issue 3
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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Research Paper
  • Investigation on Partial Performance of Radial Turbine Rotor in Variable Geometry Turbocharger
    Minoru Ishino, Masayoshi Otsuka, Manabu Ishikawa, Yoshio Taneda
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 577-582
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.577
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    Turbine rotor shapes for a variable geometry turbocharger have been investigated by numerical simulations in order to improve the low speed performances of a supercharged engine. With focusing on the vortex flow generated inside rotors at the low flow rate, the rotor blade shapes to make the vortex flow diminish were examined and designed. The application of newly designed turbine rotor to an actual turbocharger for a diesel engine has brought about improvements in the turbine efficiency at the lowest flow rate without performance decrement at the higher flow rate.
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  • 3D-CFD Code Based Numerical Analysis on Combustion Chamber Wall Surface Temperature Distributions in a Diesel Engine and their Effects on Heat Losses
    Akira Kikusato, Jin Kusaka, Yasuhiro Daisho
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 583-588
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.583
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    Wall surface temperature is assumed to be uniform and constant in 1D or 3D combustion analyses conducted in many previous studies. The present study predicts and discusses combustion chamber wall surface temperature distributions and their effects on combustion characteristics and the heat losses by reducing the computational time of a 3D-CFD code in combination with a 1D heat transfer model and applying a parallelized explicit ODE solver. As a result, the heat transfer calculation represented less than 1% of the total calculation time. The total calculation time was about 160 times faster than when calculated by the VODE solver with a single CPU thread on a desktop PC. The results indicate that the wall temperature and heat loss characteristics depend on the spray impingement on the walls rather than in-cylinder flow, like squish or swirl.
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  • A Study on the Improvement of NOx Reduction Efficiency for a Urea SCR System ( Nineth Report )
    - Effects of Catalytic Metals on NOx Reduction Performance -
    Hirotaka Nishiyama, Yo Tanaka, Taiki Adachi, Syunsuke Kawamura, Kazuya ...
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 589-595
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.589
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    The Urea SCR system is one of the most promising after-treatment systems to reduce NOx emission in diesel engines. In general, much work has been done on Cu-zeolite catalysts (Cu-SCR) and Fe-zeolite catalysts (Fe-SCR) to improve NOx reduction performance. In this study, we combined both SCRs (Combined-SCR) to improve performance under wide operating conditions. Then, we conducted transient engine tests on each catalyst to compare their performance. The result shows that Combined-SCR has better NOx reduction performance than individual Fe-SCR and Cu-SCR, and the best NOx reduction performance was obtained at Cu ratio = 0.667 (Fe: Cu = 1: 2). This indicates that Combined-SCR takes advantage of Cu-SCR's and Fe-SCR's characteristics, enabling to reduce NOx over at a wider range of operating conditions.
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Technical Paper
Research Paper
  • Ignition System Development for Demand Voltage Reduction of Spark Plug
    Yuya Abe, Kaori Doi, Masamichi Shibata, Akimitsu Sugiura, Nozomi Yokoo ...
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 603-608
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.603
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    In order to cope with requirements of lower fuel consumption and higher performance，the high compression ratio engine and the turbocharged downsizing engine have been developed． However，the demand voltage of spark plug is increased because the cylinder pressure at the spark timing is increased with such engines. To reduce the demand voltage, a new ignition system which has the high voltage resistance Zener diode is developed. This paper describes that this system contributes to reduce the demand voltage. The maximum effect is 3.5kV when the engine is operated at 2800rpm, 26bar of the break mean effective pressure.
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Technical Paper
  • Visualization and Measurement of Fuel Adhesion Behavior on Complicated Shape
    Keiji Ozawa, Shinya Okamoto, Masaru Shimizu, Hisanobu Kawashima, Keiji ...
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 609-614
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.609
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    The fuel adhesion to the surface of the intake port and the piston top is one of the common phenomena in the internal combustion engine. Because the shapes of them are complicated, thickness measurement of the fuel by laser induced fluorescence (LIF) becomes difficult. In this study, correction method of a light source intensity distribution is improved. Accuracy of an improved LIF is inspected and the thickness of the fuel which adhered to the piston top surface is measured. As a result, it is possible to observe the behavior of the fuel liquid film which adhered to a complicated shape.
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Research Paper
  • Study of Rankin Cycle System for a Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Using Vehicle Thermal Model
    Tomonori Gomi, Makoto Abe, Naoya Ishikawa, Yoshiyuki Abe
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 615-620
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.615
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    Waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies were investigated by many researchers. To apply the WHR to a vehicle, it is important that the energy of waste heat predict on a transient condition. In this paper, we developed the vehicle thermal model for prediction of energy flow and for establishment of control strategy of the WHR. A Rankin cycle was selected as the WHR, and system configurations were investigated for a light duty commercial vehicle and best system configuration was applied with vehicle thermal model. The effect of WHR on the fuel consumption was investigated using the vehicle thermal model. When the Rankin cycle was integrated in the vehicle, fuel economy was improved in highway mode. It was found that the control of pump and expander in Rankin cycle is important in urban mode.
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Material
  • In-situ Visualization for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using Hydrazine Hydrate as a Fuel by Soft X-ray Radiography
    Tomokazu Sakamoto, Phengxay Deevanhxay, Koichiro Asazawa, Shohji Tsush ...
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 621-626
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.621
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    Soft X-ray radiography technique was applied to the operating direct hydrazine hydrate fuel cells (DHFCs), in order to visualize N2 gas behaviors at anode side and water behavior at cathode side in gas diffusion layer (GDL), with high spatial and temporal resolution at different temperature. Two different cells, in-plane and through-plane direction, for in-situ visualization of material transportation in the DHFCs with cell temperature controls were originally designed. The utilization of soft X-ray made the visualization of generated N2 at anode side in the DHFC possible with the spatial resolution of 1.5 μm and the temporal resolution of 1.0 frame s-1. In the in-plane visualization, generation of N2 gas under the rib was clearly observed with increase in current density. In the through-plane visualization, generated N2 gas under the rib of anode and water behavior in GDL at cathode was visualized.
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  • Effects of Increasing Regenerated Energy on Fuel Economy and Exhaust-gas Emission Characteristics for Hybrid Trucks
    Nobunori Okui, Masayuki Kobayashi
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 627-632
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.627
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    One of the promising methods which improve fuel economy of hybrid electric vehicles is to increase the regenerating power. We focused on changing the powertrain layout of hybrid electric vehicles and control strategy of the regenerated power until lower vehicle speed at deceleration. In this study, fuel economy and exhaust-gas emission characteristics of hybrid trucks were investigated by using the Hybrid powertrain test bed system with modifying the hybrid power- train layout and the hybrid control methods. As the regenerated power was increased, fuel economy and exhaust-gas emission were improved at the engine-out (upstream of exhaust-gas aftertreatment devices). On the other hand, exhaust -gas emission from the tailpipe (downstream of the devices) showed no relationship with the regenerating power.
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Technical Paper
  • Improvement of Spot Fracture Analysis in Side Impact Test Configuration
    Masaaki Kuwahara, Tsuyoshi Yasuki, Koushi Kumagai
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 633-638
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.633
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    This paper describes a study to expand the spot weld fracture model to validate with spot welds of combination of different thicknesses and steel grades including ultra high strength steel material. The authors have already published the fracture model of spot welds including 3 sheet spot welds consists of beam elements for vehicle crash analysis. But the experimental results necessary for validation of the spot fracture model are 9 for a grade in a thickness. So a large number of experimental results are necessary for validation with actual combination of spot welds in Body-in-White of vehicle. The new method was developed to almost replace the experimental result of specimen testing with welding simulations. The model was validated with the vehicle crash test containing the fracture of spot weld including ultra high strength steel and was confirmed to correlate with test results.
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Research Paper
  • Finite Element Analysis of Behavior and Injury of Cyclists in Car-to-Cyclist Collisions
    Hidefumi Yamada, Daisuke Ito, Koji Mizuno
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 639-644
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.639
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    Cyclists are frequently injured head and lower extremities in car-to-cyclist collisions. In this research, kinematic behavior of the whole body and the interaction of car, cyclist and bicycle were numerically investigated using a simulation with an FE simulation. Kinematic behavior of a cyclist was similar to that of a pedestrian, but the pelvis and head movement were different due to difference of posture of the lower extremities. Cyclist's tibia impacted to hood leading edge and shear loading was applied in the cyclist's knee, which can cause knee injury.
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  • Compressive and Bending Collapse of Box Structure with Different Strength in Ridgeline
    Ming Ji, Takuya Abiko, Toshiaki Okamura
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 645-652
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.645
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    To overcome some of the drawbacks (such as brittleness and spot weld HAZ softening) of using AHSS for weight reduction, the strength distribution of the compressed side of a bend formed thin-walled box structure is studied in this paper by classifying different collapse modules in the ridgelines and flat plate portions. For the side under compression, an analysis model is examined and the ultimate resistance evaluations of the cross section are arrived at. Furthermore, in addition to the elastic buckling, the plastic buckling in the flat portions is discussed theoretically and an appropriate way of determining the ridgeline strength for strengthening the cross section is presented. A confirmation test and CAE simulation are developed to demonstrate the theoretical conclusions and provide reciprocal verification.
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Material
  • Study on Traffic Accidents Involving Bicycles Carrying Children
    - Characteristics Based on Traffic Accident Data -
    Takaaki Terashima, Nobuaki Takubo, Ryo Oga, Kenshiro Kato
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 653-658
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.653
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    In Japan, bicycles with child seats are popular vehicles for parents who have preschool children. Using traffic accident data, this paper reports the characteristics of the traffic accidents involving bicycles carrying children. About 1200 child passengers on bicycles are killed or injured in traffic accidents every year since 2009. The majority of the riders of bicycles carrying children were women in their 20s and 30s, and their main traffic purpose was shopping. The main traffic accident was a crossing collision at an intersection. There was the difference between the main part of body injury of child passengers and riders.
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Research Paper
  • Experimental Verification of Alarm Presentation for Improving Sound Localization of Drivers
    Tomohiro Takeuchi, Kazumoto Morita, Daisuke Yamaguchi, Michiaki Sekine ...
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 659-664
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.659
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    Authors have focused on a technique to avoid traffic accidents, which gives a driver the information about hazardous events and their directions by use of an alarm beep sound. In this study, we examined accuracy of drivers’ sound localization and a suitable beep sound. In the experiment, short-term beep sounds were presented from one of four speakers installed inside the experimental vehicle and participants answered the direction from which the beep sound was issued. The accuracy of distinguishing between the right and left side was high (circa 90%), whereas it was not so high (40-80%) between the front and rear. We found that the sound movement is effective to improve the accuracy of sound localization in the front area in the vehicle.
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Technical Paper
  • Reproducing Method of Accident Situation Using Actual Vehicle (Second Report)
    - Investigation of Driver Maneuver and Vehicle Behavior in Right Turn at Intersection -
    Takashi Tagawa, Kenji Sato, Nobuyuki Uchida, Motoki Shino
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 665-670
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.665
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    Observing the driver's behavior by reproducing traffic accidents and conflict situations are effective in investigating the causes of accidents. Therefore, JARI-ARV was developed to reproduce realistic traffic accident and conflict scenarios without putting the driver at risk of an actual collision. JARI-ARV was equipped with three Liquid - Crystal - Displays (LCD) and three video cameras in front of the driver. However, there are some differences between JARI-ARV and standard vehicle. One of the most grately different portion is visual information. Drivers use three dimensional visual information in a standard vehicle, but two dimensional information is used in driving JARI-ARV. It is need to confirm some differences between JARI-ARV and standard vehicle. In this paper, we confirmed drivers' maneuver (gas pedal off, brake pedal on, steering, gas pedal on) and vehicle behavior (deceleration, lateral acceleration, yaw rate, acceleration) in a right turn at an intersection, by comparing JARI-ARV with a standard vehicle. As a result, drivers' maneuver and vehicle behavior in right turns were almost the same between JARI-ARV and standard vehicle.
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Material
  • Study on Drowsiness Detection System for Heavy-Duty Trucks
    Mayumi Iwao, Koji Sugiura, Akira Imanishi, Shigeru Takinami, Yasuhiko ...
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 671-677
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.671
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    We have studied a practical drowsiness detection system for professional drivers of heavy-duty trucks to prevent traffic accidents. We measured the electrocardiographic data and visual behaviors, and also the vehicle behaviors in actual sleep-inducing driving situations. Five persons participated in experiment for two days. We extracted amounts of time evaluated as sleepy state and an alert state. The system’s performance for separating these two states was evaluated. As a result, drowsiness estimated by these three indices was significantly higher in the sleepy state than in the alert state. We also found that accuracy of drowsiness judgment improved when combining the indices.
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  • Evaluation of Drowsiness Detection Technology for Heavy-Duty Trucks Using an ECG Sensor
    Yasuhiko Nakano, Satoshi Sano, Hikaru Kadonaka, Mayumi Iwao
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 679-685
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.679
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    We developed drowsiness detection technology using heart rate variability to reduce traffic accidents. Evaluation of this system was carried out during real road driving of a heavy-duty truck, and the validity of the technology was verified. Concerning the capability to distinguish drowsiness and alertness, which denotes off-line performance, it was assured by all the test data. For online use, we found that it could detect all of the extremely drowsy periods for all data within five minutes. As for the result, we found that there is a possibility that the drowsiness technology can be useful for on-line use as well as off-line use.
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Technical Paper
Research Paper
  • Fatigue Life Evaluation of Spot-Welded Joint under Two Steps Variable Amplitude Load
    Chihiro Takatsuka, Ryouhei Kawata, Noboru Tomioka, Akifumi Okabe
    2015 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 693-698
    Published: 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: January 25, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.46.693
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    In this paper, fatigue life evaluation of spot-welded joint under two steps multi variable amplitude load was investigated. Fatigue tests under two steps multi variable amplitude load in combination with the loading below the fatigue limit and above it were carried out, using a single spot-welded tensile shear and peel, bend specimens. As a result, the loading below the fatigue limit contributes to the fatigue damage of the spot-welded joints under variable amplitude load. Also, modified Miner's rule using nominal structural stress - number of cycle to failure curve could systematically estimate the fatigue life of the spot-welded joint under variable amplitude load, regardless of the joint form and sheet thickness.
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