Until recently, vehicle performance has been predicted on the basis of simulations of single physical phenomena. Simultaneous prediction of conjugate performance is now required. This paper describes a concurrent mesh platform that has been newly developed for cunducting conjugate simulations of multiple physical phenomena in a vehicle. In this mesh platform, different physical meshes are coupled accurately by using rapping technology. In the case of transforming meshes of one unit, the other meshes are automatically changed by using new morphing technique. The advantage of this process is possible to predict by only this mesh platform changing without CAD data changing. The procedure for conducting a simulation of multiple physical phenomena is explained first, followed by presentation of the simulation results and their validation with experimental data.

View full abstract

This paper describes the full vehicle simulation for rough road fatigue life estimation of mass parts attached body points. To simulate complex body input forces that induce the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the mass parts, accurate MBD models are established. Flexible body and mass parts are separately modeled and connected with residual compliance at attached points. Also suspension and power train systems are joined to the body with consideration of nonlinear-characteristic elements. Tire model represents contact between tire and rough road surface. The simulation results correlate with the test results.

View full abstract

We have developed new Stability Control system with G-Vectoring concept, which controls yaw moment based on the vehicle skidding information and deceleration based upon the lateral jerk information. This system at reducing under steer by G-Vectoring, and reducing over steer tendency by Direct Yaw moment Control(DYC). We carried out new control system equipped vehicle's test on snowy surface and confirmed that the under steer was reduced dramatically compared with conventional system, because under steer prevention logic of G-Vectoring was activated prior to vehicle skidding.

View full abstract

Micro FF car, 3m long with 4 passengers, is given good handling and stability, even though only 2m wheelbase. Excellent vehicle dynamics planning and suspension & steering design make it possible. Stability has the first priority, and driving pleasure and usability e.g. 3.9m turning radius are also remarkable. After showing approach way and design process, yaw gain characteristic proves that agility at low speed and stability at high speed are compatible.

View full abstract

The contact condition of friction surfaces has a great influence on brake squeal phenomena. However, technology has yet to be developed that is capable of adequately measuring the force distribution of friction surfaces. Therefore, this study examined technology for measuring the distribution of normal pressure and friction forces between friction surfaces under braking conditions. As the subject of this study was friction parts such as pads and linings, sensors were built into brake rotors and drums. This paper outlines the structure of a prototype sensor, and describes several experimental cases of measurement.

View full abstract

Seat/Head restraint rating for rear impact accidents has been conducted in authorities such as IIWPG and EuroNCAP. In this time, author et al. developed a test method with less variation and an evaluation method based on neck injury mechanism. The author et al. proposed that the study result be adopted in vehicle assessment for neck injury performance evaluation in rear impact which is going to be launched by the National Agency for Automotive Safety & Victim's Aid.

View full abstract

In the process of A Survey Simulator to Evaluate Safety Systems (ASSESS), it is important to determine how to set the braking methods chosen by drivers. In this study we investigated how drivers apply the brakes when following a lead vehicle, and examined their braking strategy. By conducting statistical analysis we determined the important factors that relate to the braking timing and the brake pedal force. It is thought that the braking timing is affected by inverse of Time-to-Collision, and brake pedal force is influenced by VV/L that is the square of relative speed divided by the following distance.

View full abstract

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of impact conditions on injury criteria in TRL legform impactor to bumper impact test. The impact occasions were simulated employing finite element models of the legform impactor and frontal part of vehicle. Various impact occasion, in which impact velocity, location of impact point on bumper surface, pitching angle, yawing angle and rolling angle of the legform impactor were employed as parameters, were simulated. It was clarified that the pitching" is the most influential factor that affects the measured criteria in bumper impact test conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the effect of the pitching on the injury criteria when we establish a regulation of legform impactor to bumper impact test.

View full abstract

As the interests in environmental issue are uprising, co-generation system has attracted attention recently. Particularly, gas engines for this co-generation system which have the aspect of high efficiency and low emission is now expected to beome widespread. This is to introduce out research on "Pre-chamber Spark Plug" which is to realize the better standard plug and this plug can accelerate the combustion of the main chamber by flame from its orifices.

View full abstract

Regulations of exhaust gas emission has been tightened all ove the world, which requires accurate Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) sensors for more accurate control of after treatment systems. Also, demands have been increasing to install sensors closer to an engine where heavier vibration occurs. Thus, it is necessary to improve vibration resistance of the sensor. This paper discusses the development of high accuracy EGT sensor with anti-esonance structure.

View full abstract

Vehicle integrated control systems which providing safe driving and danger warning to drivers recently are increasing. Those systems are capable of determining collision risk with a car and obstacles based on informatin from on-board sensors. Vehicle integrated control systems use many sensors and handle data in car. In this study, we propose data integration model for automotive. By using the model, data obtained by selecting some hierarchy has the advantage that will allow efficient data acquisition. We developed a prototype of vehicular data integration model with data stream management framework. Implemented using a PC environment, we research the feasibility of model by measuring the overhead of this system.

View full abstract

Jerk is derivative of acceleration. The authors have proposed a new measurement method of jerk with a piezoelectric element and shown its effectiveness in the previous report. However sensitivity was not so good. In this paper, a new high sensitive sensor element is designed and manufactured. Both of mechanical and electrical approaches are adopted to obtain high sensitivity. Both of steady state and non-steady state characteristics are investigated. Especially frequency responses of low frequency range, 0.5-200Hz, are investigated in detail. The sensor shows excellent gain and phase characteristics. Resolution of better than 0.05m/s³ is obtained. Possibility of use of jerk as feedback signal is also investigated with computer simulation.

View full abstract

In order to achieve weight savings, increased compactness, and higher power output from the fuel cell stack that functions as the core technology for a fuel cell vehicle, we employed a unique configuration in the development of its new V Flow FC stack.
Based on a V Flow cell structure and wave flow channel separators, and employing a one-box stack configuration, the V Flow FC stack achieves a 50% increase in volume output density and 67% increase in weight output density against the former FC stack.

View full abstract

An experimental and numerical study has been conducted to develop a lightweight vehicle equipped with a hybrid fuel cell system and a Ni-MH battery unit. A numerical simulation model has been developed to predict the vehicle performance and efficiency based on characteristics of major components as well as on chassis dynamometer measurements. It has been confirmed that the simulation model can determine fuel cell operating conditions and battery energy flow to maximize the vehicle efficiency.

View full abstract

We investigated a temperature influence on the fatigue life of VH3 compressed-hydrogen tanks. We conducted pressure-cycle tests under the extreme-temperature conditions. As a result, the lifetime of the VH3 tank became short under low-temperature condition and became long under high-temperature condition. The VH3 tank is subjected to autofrettage for improving fatigue strength, in which compressive stress remains in the liner and tensile stress in the CFRP layer. This survey revealed that the effect of autofrettage changes when an environmental temperature changes by the difference of the coefficient of thermal expansion of CFRP and the aluminum alloy.

View full abstract

This study aimed to clarify the usefulness of surrogate assessment techniques of task demand induced from the use of in-vehicle driver interface. Three candidates of assessment techniques (occlusion, lane change test, visual detection test) were compared in terms of the sensitivity among task differences (visual-manual only tasks, voice control included tasks), and the representativeness of impacts on actual driving behaviors. Obtained results revealed the total shutter open time measure of occlusion technique is superior in both task difference sensitivity and representativeness of actual driving impacts, though the mean deviation measure of lane change test has not sufficient sensitivity and representativeness. Visual detection test used in this study is not sufficiently proper method, but is possibly improvable because the ratio of detection errors showed significant correlations with driving behaviors.

View full abstract

This report tried to make a model of Following-up driving considering personal error of non-expert driver. (1)ACC employing Performance Index for Approach and Alienation, (2)A model of Following-up driving for non-expert driver, (3)Another model of Following-up driving for driving in rushing situations. With these three experiments above, the leading cars were made to slow down for a certain decelerating and the average operating-speeds of following cars were compared. Experiment (1) resulted best in fuel consumption and the second was experiment (2).

View full abstract

Recently, Direct Yaw-moment Control (DYC) system has become a standard active safety device in automobile market. DYC system activates to stabilize vehicle motion to prevent the vehicle from falling into unstable driving situation like spin or plow by applying braking forces in order to induce additional yaw moment input. However, the relationship between driving characteristic of a human and the activation state of DYC system has not been researched. Therefore, we evaluate the effect of DYC system considering human driving behavior by using a driving simulator which is installed with DYC algorithm, reproducing emergency driving situation. From the results of the experiment of emergency obstacle avoidance for 5 objects, it is concluded that the DYC system is effective to stabilize the vehicle in the situation of emergency obstacle avoidance, and the effect of the DYC system is different depending on the characteristic of the driver.

View full abstract

In measurement of driver's ability by simulated driving, there is a demand for the examination executed with simple apparatus because of a difficulty that testing facilities are restricted if a grand-scale driving simulator is required. This study contrasted features of decision performance between a motion-based full-scale driving simulator and a simple apparatus consisting of a television screen and a game controller. And, several features about habituation and structural arrangement of devices etc. were revealed by driving experiment which used a newly developed original exercise.

View full abstract

This paper addresses flight control design to realize custom-made handling characteristics. First, we make a preliminary description on the design requirements for flight control and explain the design principle to realize custom-made handling characteristics, and show our proposed design method to satisfy them. Second, we show a concrete design example for the linearized motions of our experimental aircraft MuPAL-α. Finally, experimental results using the designed controllers are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

View full abstract

In this study, a neck injury criteria would be proposed based on the hypothesis that neck pain is evoked by local strain on the cervical vertebral disk and facet joint caused by hyper translation and rotation of cervical vertebrae. Cervical vertebral motion was defined as strain on the cervical vertebral disk and facet joint and the relationship between the strain and parameters which can be obtained from dummy was investigated. Then, the risk curves for prediction of neck injuries were established on the parameters which have good correlations with the strain.

View full abstract

We are developing A Survey Simulator to Evaluate Safety Systems (ASSESS). This simulator generates a traffic environment on 3-D virtual space in computer, such as an actual intersection, within which vehicles (agents) run autonomously in a virtual traffic flow. This paper shows a vehicle model algorithm of ASSESS which is a program composed of a bicycle model and an algorithm of brake assist system which is selected as an evaluation target of ASSESS. It is conformed that a vehicle model algorithm and an algorithm of brake assist system is able to simulate the braking behavior of a real vehicle.

View full abstract

In the execution of A Survey Simulator to Evaluate Safety Systems (ASSESS), it is necessary to set the appearance position, appearance time, and an initial speed, etc. as a parameter based on the data of a real traffic flow and to cause the traffic flow. The fixed point observation of the traffic flow was executed in this research. The parameter was decided based on the result of a measurement. In addition, the traffic flow generation program was constructed. The correspondence of a result of the vehicle generation program and a real traffic flow was verified. The accuracy of the traffic flow was able to be improved by considering the influence of the adjoining signal intersection.

View full abstract

From the viewpoints of anti-fossil fuel and CO₂ reduction, much attention has been paid to the usage of bio-ethanol. Yet, the major subject in applying highly concerned ethanol in SI engines is to sustain cold start-ability and exhaust emissions. This is due to the distillation characteristics of ethanol and large latent heat required to vaporize. In this paper, technical methods for reducing exhaust emissions are analyzed from the viewpoints of improving fuel evaporation by using the devices of heating intake port wall.

View full abstract

A gasoline direct injection(DI) engine with the variable valve actuator has the petential for a reduction of fuel consumption because of the higher compression ratio and the lower pumping loss. In this paper, in order to clarify the phenomena under the low valve lift operation in DI engines, in-cylinder gas flow and the mixing process of fuel and air are analyzed in conjunction with 3-D fluid numerical simulation and optical methods; PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) and LIEF(Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence), in a transparent engine. As a result, it is clarified that the low valve lift operation affects the in-cylinder gas flow behavior(especially tumble flow) and A/F distribution in the cylinder.

View full abstract

The progress of flame propagation and the autoignition behavior of the end gas at the time of knocking in a spark-ignition engine were examined on the basis of emission and absorption spectroscopic measurements and visualizations obtained by high-speed photography. The test fuels used were a 30 RON primary reference fuel and n-heptane(0 RON) that was conductive to the occurrence of low-temperature rections. Emission and absorption spectroscopic techniques were applied to investigate the behavior of formaldehyde (HCHO) and OH radicals in the interval from the occurrence of a cool flame to autoignition. The results showed the occurrence of cool-flame reactions along with light absorption and faint light emission ascribable to HCHO in the end gas prior to knocking.

View full abstract

In this study, we made a low temperature plasma igniter of a barrier discharge model for trial purpose, and we carried out a fundamental analysis of ignition characteristics when low temperature plasma ignition was applied as the ignition system for gasoline engine with single cylinder. We investigated a difference of the ignition characteristics of low temperature plasma and thermal plasma of conventional spark plug by comparing a combustion characteristic of both in various driving conditions. And we analyzed the mechanism of combustion initiation of low temperature plasma ignition by chemical kinetic simulation.

View full abstract

A new concept of two-stroke gasoline engine applying stratified-charge auto-ignition has been designed and studied experimentally for improving fuel economy of vehicles. The engine concept adapts four different combustion modes according to the engine operating conditions, i.e., homogeneous-charge spark-ignition for the high-load range, homogeneous-charge auto-ignition for the medium - to low-load range, stratified-charge auto-ignition for the low-speed and low-load range, and stragified-charge spark-ignition for idling. The new concept two-stroke gasoline experimental engine made operating possible free from irregular combustion throughout the operating range in common use. In the case of a small motorcycle application, great improvements in fuel economy and exhaust emissions were estimated from the experimental reuslts.

View full abstract

The main objective of this research was to clarify the influence of skirt and rings on piston assembly friction. We broke down piston assembly friction into piston skirt and ring friction by identifying each Stribeck curves. The result showed piston skirt was in fluid-lubricated and rings were in mixed-lubricated conditions. And piston skirt friction was dominant, especially in high-speed, low-load conditions.

View full abstract

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is one of the techniques for reducing NOx emissions. EGR gas consists mainly of N₂, H₂O and CO₂. Properties of flame diluted with EGR gas might be influenced by these components. The effects of dilution with CO₂ and N₂ on outwardly propagating turbulent flames were studied for stoichiometric iso-octane / air mixtures. Turbulent explosions were investigated at almost same turbulence Karlovitz number conditions. Properties of turbulent burning velocity were different between CO₂ and N₂ dilution. These differences may be caused by the thermo-diffusive effects on local flamelets of turbulent flame.

View full abstract

Homogeneous charge compression ignition gasoline engine in which ethanol-gasoline blends are used substitute for gasoline, ignition timing is retarded compared with gasoline's one under low engine speed conditions. However, as engine speed becomes high, tendency of ignition timing reversed in experiments. This phenomenon depends on in cylinder temperature, and it was understood that difference of initial dissociation and low temperature oxidation reaction between ethanol and gasoline largely affects this phenomenon by using detailed chemical kinetics simulation.

View full abstract

The injection pressure of conventional DME engine is lower than 60MPa, because bulk modulus of DME is low. In order to obtain new insights into the performance improvement of the DME engine, DME spray characteristics under high injection pressure up to 140MPa are examined in the condition equal with the engine(4.5MPa-800K), Internal structures of DME spray were analyzed by using the computational code KIVA-3V. Results showed that the macro characteristics of DME spray was almost the same as diesel fuel spray. An increase in fuel injection pressure would boost spray development while the vaporization distance did not change because vaporization was enhanced at the same time. The air entrainment of the spray was increased and overall equivalence ratio in the spray was lowered with higher the injection pressure.

View full abstract

Multi stage boosting system for high pressure boosting and high amount EGR is a key technology for simultaneous reduction of exhaust emission and fuel consumption on diesel engine. Therefor innovative and next-generation multi cylinder diesel engine with sequential 3stage boosting system was developed and the performance evaluation was conducted in this study. Additionally, Camless system combined with high expansion ratio were evaluated for further reduction of fuel consumption.

View full abstract

Biodiesel was applied to 4L TCI diesel engine equipped with both a diesel particulate filter(DPF) and a urea-SCR system. The exhaust emission characteristics using the biodiesel were compared with those using conventional diesel fuel. Engine-out NOx emission were slightly increased by using biodiesel as referred to the previous studies. In addition, NOx reduction performance of urea-SCR system was also deteriorated by using biodiesel, although urea injection control system was improved for the slight increase in NOx emission mentioned above.

View full abstract

Mixing-controlled, diesel low temperature combustion with LP(low pressure) close-pilot injection followed by HP(high pressure) main injection was examined using single-cylinder diesel engine and 3D-CFD. The pressure modulated multiple-injection was realized by hydraulic intensified fuel injector. The experimental results showed that, even at 13.7 bar IMEP, soot and maximum pressure-rise rate can be reduced below 0.1g/kWih and 0.5MPa/°CA respectively by controlling swirl, dwell time of the pilot-main events, and injection pressure. Furthermore, the 3D-CFD analysis clarified that HP main spray is injected into the local high temperature region of burning pilot spray injected from the neighboring injection hole. This results in the broadband distribution of equivalence ratio at the beginning of combustion followed by rapid homogenization of the mixture occurring as combustion progresses.

View full abstract

Generally, the turbo-charged engine has a time delay of boost pressure rising, but there is not a turbo lag in the mechanical supercharged engine. A mechanical supercharger was attached on a modern diesel engine that met with new long-term emission regulation of Japan. Supercharged characteristics were improved at transient operation and at low-speed torque in supercharged diesel engine. And also the higher EGR rate was possible to use at transient operation and the emissions were improved. This paper describes merits and demerits about the application of the mechanical supercharge device to the diesel engine.

View full abstract

A micro-hole nozzle and an ultra-high injection pressure were employed to investigate the effects of the nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure on the spray, mixture formation, and combustion processes. The laser absorption-scattering (LAS) technique was adopted to obtain the qualitative and quantitative information on spray characteristics. A high-speed video camera system was employed to record the auto-ignition and combustion processes. OH chemiluminescence was used as a marker of the auto-ignition and as a measure of the flame lift-off length. The effects of injection parameters on auto-ignition and flame lift-off length were presented. The data on gas entrainment and fuel vaporization acquired in the evaporating sprays under the same ambient conditions were correlated to the auto-ignition process and flame lift-off length.

View full abstract

To evaluate the influence of FAME, which has poor oxidation stability, on engine oil performance, engine test was conducted under large volume of fuel dilution by post-injection. The test showed that consumption of detergent and polymerization of FAME were accelerated in engine oil, performance for piston cleanliness and sludge protection got worse severely.

View full abstract

Using thin-film thermocouples, the authors measured instantaneous temperature at 99 points on all the combustion chamber wall surfaces of a naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine. Instantaneous heat flux at each measured point was also obtained by heat transfer analysis based on the measured instantaneous wall surface temperature. In addition, the instantaneous gas temperature was calculated from the internal pressure of the combustion chamber. So that local and mean heat transfer coefficients could be evaluated with the corresponding wall surface temperatures and heat fluxes. The heat transfer coefficients were obtained for five ignition timings and three engine speeds.

View full abstract

Diesel engines, nowadays, are operating under complex control. There are a great number of parameters for combustion control, such as fuel injection timing, frequency of fuel injection, intake gas pressure, rate of exhaust gas recirculation and swirl ratio. However, no systematic examination of influences of these parameters on direct heat loss has been made. In this study, using thin-film thermocouples (TFTs) , the authors investigated influences of fuel injection pressure, intake gas pressure and oxygen concentration in the intake gas on instantaneous heat flux from combustion gas to combustion chamber walls in a common rail type direct injection diesel engine.

View full abstract

It is forecast that the use of an iron piston expands due to higher power of the truck diesel engine. So, purpose of this study is to clarify the lubricated condition of the cast iron piston and the steel piston. Friction of the steel piston and the cast iro npiston were measured by floating liner method, and the friction of conventional aluminum piston also measured for he comparison in this study. The measurement of the secondary motion of each piston were carried out for the analysis to pisotn friction and following findings have been obtained. FCD piston showed boundary lubrication at compression top dead center(TDC). It is presumably caused by the lager tilting angle of the piston induced by larger piston clearance. Steel piston showed hydrodynamic lubrication condition in the TDC and BDC through a cycle due to the oil supply to the skirt.

View full abstract

The aim of this study is to improve the heat transfer performance of EGR Cooler. Since EGR Cooler performance is deteriorated by EGR deposits through a long time operation, it is difficult to recirculate EGR gas of desired temperature and quantity to the intake side. Then deterioration of the heat transfer performance with EGR deposits has to be analyzed. We had reported an approach using a gas analysis for measurement of EGR deposits. The proposed method could measure the mass of EGR deposits and could figure out the composition of EGR deposits. As the next step of this research work, an engine bench test system that could concurrently evaluate heat transfer performance was prepared. EGR deposits measurement could show the relation between EGR deposits and heat transfer performance of EGR Cooler. Through the experiments of various EGR Coolers like multi tube type and plate-fin type, ita was found that heat transfer performance deterioration was uniquely caused by heat-insulating layer of EGR deposits. However characteristics of heat-insulating layer were different with exhaust gas emissions that was cooled down by EGR Cooler.

View full abstract

Optical fiber probing is one of the efficient and reliable measurement methods for gas-liquid two-phase flows. For practical measurement of fuel spray, we newly developed a Two-Tip Optical fiber Probe (T-TOP) and an Optical Fiber Probe micro-fabricated by femtosecond pulse laser (Fs-TOP). We demonstrate the simultaneous measurement of velocities and diameters of micro droplets using these probes; the results are compared with those obtained from the visualization of the droplets by using high-speed video cameras. In addition, we clarify the relation between the tip shape of Optical Fiber Probe (OFP) and its measurement accuracy.

View full abstract

In this study, a quasi 2-dimentional continuous regeneration DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) model, considering the inlet/outlet channels, and DPF substrate, was constructed to analyze the distributions of PM loading, filter temperature and pressure at the continuous and active regenerations. In the model, soot was loaded in the substrate initially. After that, soot cake layer was formed. Continuous regeneration and active regeneration reactions were also considered. As a result, the model can predict the pressure drop of DPF which was obtained by engine bench test.

View full abstract

For the realization of advanced driving support system, technologies that recognize various obstacles in the driving environment have been developing. We propose the method to recognize the obstacles (car, bike, bicycle, pedestrian) by laser radar in this paper. Many features of object classification are identified and their extraction is described. We use SVM for class classification. We classify each class by observe distance from hyper plane in time series.

View full abstract

Vehicle-infrastructure cooperative safe driving support systems have been introducing into road traffic situation in some countires. Human machine interfaces are a key issue to adequately inform drivers of messages about the dangerous situation where they can not see physically. This research was aimed to suggest some ideas of designing better visual and auditory displays of the messages from the systems. The driving simulator experiments had been carried out ot accomplish this aim. The results had shown that when the drivers' vehicle was running, letters or figures added to letters were better visual displays to inform drivers of invisible dangerous situation than moving image. On the other hands, when driver's vehicle was stopping for turning right, moving image was also good visual desplay. The voice message of invisible dangerous situation was able to make good impressio non drivers when the message was given them on their vehicle running and there was longer time to avoid a crash. According to those results, it is necessary to consider the traffic situation where a system works in order to design better visual and auditory displays informing drivers of invisible dangerous situation from the systems.

View full abstract

Pressures for improved emissions system performance and increased fuel economy are driving modern engine oil formulations to lower levels of ZDP and lighter viscosity grades. Both trends could lead to increased wear. Therefore, a test was sought to provide precise quantification of the wear performance of modern oils with low levels of ZDP under realistic conditions. The Sequence IVA engine platform (Nissan KA24E) was used in combination with a radionuclide labeling technique called surface layer activation. The work demonstrated how ZDP level and other formulating variables affected wear and identified several highly efficacious new antiwear components.

View full abstract

The authors produced an ILSAC GF-4/API SM grade 10W-30 engine oil and JASO DL-1 grade 5W-30 engine oil, both formulated with zinc dialkyl monothiophosphate (ZDMP). These oil specimens were put through an array of lab tests and engine tests(JASO M333-93, M328-95, M354 and ASTM D6984) to evaluate the performance of ZDMP-blended oils. The results showed that engine oils formulated with ZDMP can outperform those blended with the more conventional zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) in terms of anti-wear properties, oxidation stability, engien cleanliness, and friction-reducing properties.

View full abstract

In present study, the synergy effect of multi-antioxidants addition to prevent oxidation deterioration was clarified in experiment. In experiment, oxidation stability, acid value, peroxide value, iodine value and kinematic viscosity were measured at mixture of several amine and phenolic type antioxidants addition. From the results, a mixture of TBH, which is one of phenolic types, and ECO, which is one of the amine types, with mixture ratio of 3:1 or 1:3 shows longer induction period(IP) of Rancimat test than that at single addition. Moreover, the ECO addition is effective to reduce acid value owing to decomposition of hydro-peroxide.

View full abstract

Energy optimal control theory (EOC) is applied to the energy flow control of a hybrid electric vehicle. Since the differential equation is solved analytically, the control law can be easily implemented in real time. Because the evaluation function is described in power form that permits negative value, not only the energy consumption is minimized but also the energy regeneration by the motor is maximized. In the simulation for the 10 mode driving, it is shown that the fuel cost of EOC is 15% lower than the rule based control (RBC).

View full abstract