Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan
Online ISSN : 1883-0811
Print ISSN : 0287-8321
ISSN-L : 0287-8321
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Volume 47, Issue 2
Displaying 1-50 of 63 articles from this issue
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Technical Paper
Research Paper
  • Research on Internal Transfer Phenomena of the Diesel Particulate Filter Performance (Third Report)
    - Experimental Study of the Effect of PM Loading Condition on Filter Wall Layer -
    Toru Uenishi, Eijiro Tanaka, Genki Shigeno, Takao Fukuma, Jin Kusaka, ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 241-246
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.241
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    Experimental studies were conducted on the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) under different PM loading conditions with different DPF configurations. Firstly, pressure drop through the DPF with various mean pore diameter of DPF wall and wall thickness configurations were measured. Secondly, pressure drop through the DPF under various mean particle diameter and gas flow rate conditions were measured. Thirdly, hypothesis of mechanism, which took the effects of PM loading regime in the wall and on the PM cake layer on pressure drop into account, was proposed..
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  • Study on Optimization of the Specifications of Highly Supercharged Downsized Gasoline Engine Using 1D-CFD Simulator and Optimization Software
    Koichi Hatamura, Tatsuya Kuboyama, Yasuhiro Otaki
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 247-252
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.247
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    Using newly developed 1D-CFD simulator of turbocharged gasoline engine, which can predict knocking and combustion phenomena, we created new supercharged engine concept and optimized its main specifications by combining with optimization software. The engine produces 30 bar in BMEP. The optimized specifications and the potential of the concept including the possibility of high compression ratio are reported
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  • A Study on Practical Utilization of Diesel Combustion Calculation (First Report)
    - A Method of Increasing Calculation Speed -
    Taizo Kitada, Masato Kuchita, Shinji Hayashi, Yasuyuki Sakai, Hiromits ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 253-259
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.253
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    Diesel combustion should be calculated considering chemical reaction at low load operating conditions with EGR, because some heat release from the low temperature oxidation reaction significantly affects ignition delay time. But chemical reaction calculation tends to consume a lot of time. That has hampered to use diesel combustion calculation in actual engine development stages, so many efforts are deployed on speed-up measures for this calculation these days. The authors have already introduced a compact simplified elementary reaction mechanism, but our chemical reaction calculation took too long time because any speed-up measures were not provided. Then some kinds of speed-up calculation algorisms have been tried to use, and a new speed-up method which shares one calculation process with chemical reaction and chemical equilibrium calculations has been invented. The overview of these calculation methods and their speed-up advantages are shown in this paper.
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Technical Paper
  • A Study on Practical Utilization of Diesel Combustion Calculation (Second Report)
    - An Improvement Approach for Exhaust Gas Estimation -
    Taizo Kitada, Masato Kuchita, Shinji Hayashi, Yasuyuki Sakai, Hiromits ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 261-266
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.261
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    A chemical reaction calculation with a reduced chemical elementary reaction model brought us to predict ignition delay time precisely because of considering slight heat release from the low temperature oxidization reaction. That enables us to estimate precise in-cylinder pressure. The low calculation speed which is a serious defect of the chemical calculation was drastically improved by the high speed calculation algorithm in our previous paper. It can be expected that some engine adaptation works are supported by using this CAE technique, when some reliable exhaust gas estimation procedures are provided. The Hiroyasu-NSC(Nagle and Strickland-Constable) model for the soot generation and oxidization process and the extended Zeldovich mechanism for NO(nitric monoxide) had already been introduced in our calculation code, but the both didn’t work so well in some partial engine operating conditions. Therefore the soot estimation is improved by introducing an orthogonality technique into the calculation mesh generation and revising the calculation mesh density. Those help to reduce artificial viscosity and replicate real flow properties around the wall, and eventually the proper amount of soot generation and oxidization can be obtained. We are trying to improve the NO estimation with a prompt NO model. The overview of calculation methods and some calculation results are shown here.
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Research Paper
  • Accelerating Diesel Spray Simulation by Large-scale Parallel Computing with OpenFOAM
    Tsukasa Hori, Hiroki Shibagaki, Minoru Hanasaki, Eriko Matsumura, Jiro ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 267-272
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.267
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    The accelerating diesel spray simulation is performed with large-scale parallel computing by use of OpenFOAM 2.2.2. The “aachemBomb”, that is one of tutorials to simulate a diesel spray flame in a constant volume vessel, is used to measure parallel computing performance until 1024 cores. The maximum computational speeds of non-evaporative spray and spray flame with one-step reaction are 14 times (128 cores) and 43 times (128 cores), respectively, compared to the sequential computing. In the spray flame simulation with the reduced reaction mechanism (29 species, 52 reactions), the maximum computational speed is 149 times (512 cores). Then LES of evaporative spray (Spray A) are calculated. The results with the grid that is 9,440,000 cells and the minimal grid size of 0.25 mm indicate that the vapor and liquid penetration is well predicted. The CPU time is 90.5 days with sequential computing from the injection start to 5.0 ms, while the CPU time with parallel computing of 512 cores is 14 hours. The computational speed is 154 times compared to the sequential computing.
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  • Large Eddy Simulation of Diesel Spray Using OpenFOAM
    Minoru Hanasaki, Jun Komae, Tsukasa Hori, Eriko Matsumura, Jiro Senda
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 273-278
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.273
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    The objective of this study is to develop LES analysis method for the prediction of diesel spray and combustion using OpenFOAM. In order to achieve reduction of emission and improvement of thermal efficiency in the diesel engine, it is necessary to quantitatively clarify the phenomenon from the fuel injection to the combustion process in the diesel engine cylinder. It is effective to use LES (Large Eddy Simulation) because LES is able to calculate the unsteady behavior such as the turbulent fluctuation and the turbulent vortex. However, the computational time increases because the grid refinement is necessary. Thus, it is effective to use parallel computing to reduce the computational time. So, OpenFOAM is valid. OpenFOAM supports parallel computing. And OpenFOAM is written in C++. Therefore, the extension that incorporated submodels is easy compared to KIVA. In this study, WAVE-MTAB model, which is breakup model, is incorporated to OpenFOAM, because the accuracy of the LES analysis using OpenFOAM is modified. LES analysis of non-evaporative spray is conducted by using OpenFOAM. As a result, because the degrees of freedom in MTAB model are changed from 6 to 12 and computational domain which is equivalent to the constant volume size using the experiment is applied, the good agreement is obtained between computational and experimental results.
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  • Spatial Resolution and Accuracy Evaluation of CT Tunable Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
    Yoshihiro Deguchi, Takahiro Kamimoto, Taku Takagi, Mohammad Safiul Ala ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 279-285
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.279
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    Two dimensional temperature and concentration measurement technology using computed tomography-tunable diode laser spectroscopy (CT-TDLAS) has been evaluated theoretically and experimentally in terms of the special resolution and measurement accuracies. 2D temperature and concentration measurement characteristics were evaluated by H2O and CH4 absorption spectra. There were several key parameters to determine the special resolution and measurement accuracies of CT-TDLAS. The molecular database used to determine 2D concentration and temperature was one of them and it was shown that the revision of these spectroscopic data to match the measurement results leaded to better measurement accuracies of concentration and temperature. The CT algorism to control the spatial fluctuation frequency of concentration and temperature was also important to prevent spurious solutions by the inverse analysis.
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  • Development of AgPd Catalyst for PM Combustion
    Takahiro Kogawa, Akihiro Isayama, Yoshinobu Kakizaki, Takeshi Ueda, Ta ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 287-292
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.287
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    We have developed new AgPd catalyst for Catalyzed Soot Filter (CSF) which has low pressure-drop and also high combustion performance of Particulate Matter (PM). By alloying Ag and Pd enabled to improve PM combustion performance and thermal stability, and also the layer coating(coating on the wall of Diesel particulate filter(DPF)) enabled the catalyst to contact PM more efficiently compared to the conventional Pt-CSF with the catalyst coated in the wall of DPF, which resulted in hi-efficiently regeneration of PM.
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  • Development of Efficient Diesel Particulate Filter System Using AgPd-Catalyst for Euro6 Regulation
    Koichiro Tsuzuki, Yuichi Matsuo, Satoshi Aoyagi, Masayuki Ohnaka, Ryos ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 293-298
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.293
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    Efficient Diesel Particulate Filter system with low CO2 emissions and low cost has been realized and applied for new diesel engines meeting the Euro6 regulation. PM oxidation performance was improved by AgPd-catalyst coated onto the filter surface. At the same time, the maximum soot amount was maintained by the high heat resistance and stability of the catalyst. To combine with a NOx storage catalyst system, the DPF system can also provide H2S removal.
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  • Effects of Octane Number of Gasoline Fuel on Ignition and Combustion Processes in a Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engine
    Ryo Muto, Keiichiro Takagi, Kazuhiro Yokogawa, Yoshimitsu Kobashi, Sat ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 299-305
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.299
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    This paper investigated the change of the ignition and combustion processes in a dual-fuel compression ignition engine while changing the octane number of primary reference fuel which was injected into an intake port. The experiments were implemented by use of a single cylinder engine for in-cylinder pressure analysis and evaluation of engine performance. The experimental result showed that octane number of premixed fuel can affect not only the ignition timing but also the bulky combustion rate, and the effect could be pronounced when advancing direct injection timing with smaller amount of diesel fuel. Furthermore, the detailed combustion process was evaluated through a combustion visualization performed in a rapid compression and expansion machine.
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Technical Paper
  • The New Inline 4 Cylinder 1.2L Turbocharged Direct Injection Gasoline Engine
    Masahito Kudo, Tomohiro Shinagawa, Wataru Matsubara, Katsuyoshi Hikich ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 307-312
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.307
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    A new 1.2-liter inline 4-cylinder engine, a downsized turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine(8NR-FTS) is developed. The 8NR-FTS emphasizes compactness by adopting only direct injection(DI) system. In combination with a single-scroll turbocharger, high torque is achieved from low engine speeds by cooperative control with the Variable Valve Timing(VVT) with mid-position lock system. The engine can be mated with either a 6-speed manual transmission (6MT) or continuously variable transmission (CVT). Especially with the CVT, turbocharger lag duration is reduced by shifting control, and both fun-to-drive dynamic performance and excellent fuel economy of 10% better than a naturally aspirated (NA) 1.8-liter engine can be realized.
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Research Paper
  • A Study on the Effect of Crankshaft Offsetting on Fuel Economy in a Diesel Engine
    Masaaki Nakamura, Yusuke Chubachi, Akemi Ito, Kiyohiro Shimokawa
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 313-318
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.313
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    Offsetting a crankshaft in the thrust side is adopted to some of gasoline engines is one of the schemes for fuel economy. Offsetting a crankshaft causes an improvement of combustion and a reduction in piston friction losses, but it also causes a geometrical change in the angle between a crank-arm and connecting-rod, and the efficiency of changing the force acting on a piston to engine output torque may change. The effect of offsetting the crankshaft in both the thrust and anti-thrust side on indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), piston friction losses and engine output torque was investigated in a diesel engine. It was found that offsetting in the thrust side caused a reduction of piston friction losses. Under the higher engine speed, offsetting in the thrust side was effective for improving IMEP and an increase in engine output torque was showed. However, under the lower engine speed, no improvement of IMEP was found by the offsetting in the thrust side, and engine output torque improved by offsetting in the anti-thrust side.
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  • A Study on Reaction Mechanism in Diesel Particulate Filter Coated with SCR Catalyst
    - Impacts of Gas Composition and Soot Loading Condition on NH3 SCR Reaction -
    Toru Uenishi, Jun Hamada, Masahiko Satoh, Takao Fukuma, Jin Kusaka, Ya ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 319-324
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.319
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    For the Diesel Particulate Filter coated with NH3 SCR Catalyst, it is thought that coexistence gases, such as CO, CO2 and/or HC in exhaust gas, and PM loading reduce catalytic reactions required for NOx reduction. Coexistence gases have impacts on the reaction phenomena in this catalyst. In this study, the catalyst evaluation test that was performed by using the model exhaust gas and the PM exhausted from engine. Experimental results shows that the coexistence gases and the PM loading conditions have impacts on NH3 SCR reaction activities.
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Technical Paper
  • Development of the Cylinder Block with Engine Oil Cooling Function
    Toshiaki Hamaguri, Shinichi Kobayashi, Takahiro Harada
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 325-330
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.325
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    In recent years, enhancing the engine thermal efficiency is strongly required. The high thermal efficiency raises the temperature of the combustion chamber and engine oil. So we developed new cylinder block structure which makes cool oil efficiently by engine cooling water near combustion chamber. We invented oil jacket structure with a function to cool oil in the cylinder block. The point of technology is the best balance of oil cooling performance and life of casting die by optimizing the shape of oil return passage near the water jacket. This invention could remove an oil cooler device and achieve lower cost. Toyota adopted this structure in Japan and a European market with 1.2-liter inline 4-cylinder engine (8NR-FTS).
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  • A Study on Prediction Method of Fuel Consumption under Transient Conditions for Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicles
    Norifumi Mizushima, Kyohei Yamaguchi, Daisuke Kawano, Hisakazu Suzuki, ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 331-337
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.331
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    In the conventional type approval test method of fuel consumption for heavy-duty vehicles, the fuel consumption under the transient test cycle is calculated by integrating instant fuel consumption rate referred from look-up table of fuel consumptions measured under the steady state conditions of the engine. Therefore, transient engine performance is not considered in this conventional method. In this study, a highly accurate test method of the fuel consumption, which corrected the map-based fuel consumption rate using the transient characteristics of individual engines, was developed and validated its utility for a heavy-duty engine, complied with the Japanese 2009 emission regulation.
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Research Paper
  • Effect of Fuel Properties on Knocking Characteristics in Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine
    Kimitoshi Tanoue, Taishu Jimoto, Takanori Kimura, Jun Hashimoto, Fumio ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 339-344
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.339
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    The correlations between the autoignition characteristics of methane/DME/air mixtures, methane/n-butane/air mixtures, methane/propane/air mixtures and the knock intensity in a rapid compression and expansion machine were studied. In comparison of methane/DME/ air mixture with methane/n-butane/air mixture, the smaller gradient of autoignition delay time was found to cause the higher flame propagation velocity and the resultant higher knock intensity. On the other hand, in comparison of methane/DME/air mixture with methane/propane/air mixture, the smaller temperature gradient was found to cause the higher flame propagation velocity and the resultant higher knock intensity. As a result, both the gradient of autoignition delay time and temperature gradient were concluded to have a strong influence on the knock intensities.
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  • A Study on Emissions Improvement of a Diesel Engine Equipped with a Mechanical Supercharger for Future Emissions Regulation
    Naoya Ishikawa, Hitoshi Aizono, Takeshi Kikuchi, Junichiro Nitta, Hika ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 345-350
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.345
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    The characteristics of diesel engine equipped with mechanical supercharger had been researched. Mechanical supercharger had good supercharging property on a low airflow condition and a transient response. The OCE (Off-Cycle Emission) regulation is introduced by the next emission regulation, and the NOx emission must reduce even in the full load condition. Probably most engines use the after-treatment device for the NOx reduction. From the simulation study, a possibility to meet the next regulation without NOx after-treatment device was found by using mechanical supercharger and turbocharger. A multi-cylinder engine was used for verification of the simulation. The results showed that potential of meeting next emission regulation without after-treatment device. However there was the issue of durability that caused by higher EGR rate.
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  • Analysis of Combustion Characteristics and Lean Limit of a Supercharged Lean Burn Gasoline engine
    Tatsuya Kuboyama, Yu Kanegae, Yasuo Moriyoshi, Makoto Kaneko
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 351-355
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.351
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    To investigate the combustion characteristics and lean limit of a supercharged lean burn gasoline engine, combustion analysis based on in-cylinder pressure measurement and high speed photography of flame propagation and knocking were conducted under the boosted lean burn condition. Using the single cylinder test engine based on a production four-cylinder engine, a lean burn operation with an equivalence ratio of 0.6 at intake pressure of 200 kPa was realized. The effect of equivalence ratio on combustion stability, knocking and energy balance was investigated.
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  • A High Energy Ignition System for EGR Combustion Engine
    Kenichiro Ogata, Tetsuo Kataoka
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 357-362
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.357
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    Application of low pressure cooled EGR to suppress engine knock is increasing because of advantages of engine downsizing, high compression ratio. Purpose of this study is to develop ignition system to extend EGR limit. This paper summarizes the experimental result obtained by using reinforce conventional ignition coil. As engine speed (mixture flow velocity between plug-gap) and EGR ratio were increased, secondary energy requirement of ignition coil was increased. The results show effectiveness of high energy ignition system for extending EGR area.
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Technical Paper
  • Miniaturization Study of Diesel Particulate Filter with Low Pressure-drop
    Keisuke Nakamura, Kenji Fujii, Ryusuke Fujino, Kazuo Osumi, Naoki Shim ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 363-368
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.363
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    Miniaturization of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) investigated without exacerbate of fuel consumption and regeneration performance. Application of thinning of soot trap wall, octagonal square cell structure and surface membrane layer realized the DPF with low pressure drop. It reduced temperature difference inside the DPF during regeneration process that decreasing of heat capacity and using of silicon carbide which has high heat conductivity as structure.
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  • On-board Measurements of Ammonia in Automobile Exhaust Using Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
    Kotaro Tanaka, Shunsuke Fukagawa, Masahiro Sekita, Mitsuru Konno
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 369-374
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.369
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    As ammonia (NH3) contributes to the formation of secondary particulate matter, the real-world levels of NH3 emitted from automobiles need to be examined. However, only a few studies have reported real-world measurements of NH3 in automobile exhaust. In this study, we developed an on-board system to measure NH3 emissions using near-IR laser absorption spectroscopy. This system was used to measure the real-world emission level of NH3 from both gasoline and diesel vehicles. In the case of gasoline vehicles, NH3 was found to be emitted mainly under high-load driving conditions such as running on a highway. In the case of diesel vehicles, NH3 was emitted just after the engine was started; after which, only low levels of NH3 were emitted when the vehicles were running. The amount of NH3 emitted from gasoline vehicles was found to be larger than that from diesel vehicles.
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Research Paper
  • Effect of Fuel Injection Conditions during Cold-Starting of Diesel Engine on Startability and Exhaust Emissions
    Satoru Katayama, Kazuhiro Hayashida, Yukinori Suematsu, Daiki Kawabata ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 375-381
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.375
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    The effect of fuel injection conditions during cold-starting at －25 ℃ of DI diesel engine on startability and exhaust emissions was evaluated experimentally. Injection strategy during cranking period was two-stage injection consisting of a pilot and a main. Dynamic strains of glow plugs were measured for evaluation of the ignition quality. Furthermore, temporal variations of hydrocarbon and aldehyde concentrations during engine warm-up were obtained. Cold startability and ignition quality were good when the pilot injection timing was later and the fraction of pilot quantity was 15 or 20 %. Exhaust emission was relatively high when the pilot injection timing was earlier.
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Technical Paper
  • Application of Self-Excited Vibration Prediction Technology of Powertrain Development
    Takashi Hoshi, Tetsuhiko Kajiwara
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 383-388
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.383
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    In order to suppress self-excited vibration of multiplate wet clutch adopted as hybrid transmission launched onto the market this time, it was coped with by using self-excited vibration prediction technology of powertrain. Severe operation mode was first identified by grasping eigenvalue of drivetrain. Next, the dynamic frictional characteristics of facing materials and their methods of use have been grasped. The dynamic frictional characteristics of facing materials have been grasped using a dedicated torque transmission characteristic test apparatus, and self-excited vibration prediction model of FEM was used for understanding methods of use of the facing materials. In order to make it structure which has robustness against self-excited vibration using those results, contact pressure of the friction surfaces were rationalized. Moreover, it confirmed that self-excited vibration occur in presumable mode that self-excited vibration is the severest by using before countermeasure clutch.
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  • The Layout Concept and Small Pitch Chain for Chain Type CVT
    Fumitoshi Ishino, Jiro Homma, Tomokazu Nakazawa
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 389-393
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.389
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    The extension of automated transmission in passenger cars, CVT has a significant share in the market and also for the future this trend is expected. Reasons are the excellent comfort, very good efficiency, particularly in part torque range. In additional CVT has good possibilities for hybridization. Based on a consequent optimization of the components with a CVT chain, very high ratio coverage and very good efficiency is possible. A further reduction of the pitch length for CVT chain improves NVH behavior of CVT even more. This sophisticated transmission layouts and structures of chain-CVT make additional benefit and customer fulfillment.
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Research Paper
Technical Paper
  • Performance Evaluation of Short Range Frequent Charging Electric Bus (Third Report)
    - Reduction of CO2 emissions in the Long-term Field Test and Possibility of Further Reduction of Energy Consumption -
    Kenichiro Eda, Masamichi Kobayashi, Weihsiang Yang, Toshio Hirota, Yus ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 401-406
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.401
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    Electric buses have superior environmental performance, emiting no CO2 while driving. However, it is essential to improve battery performance towards more popularization of them. To resolve this issue, a concept “ short range frequent charging ” was formulated. Under this approach, we developed WEBs, Waseda Electric Buses, and performed a long-term operation test in Nagano. Based on results, we evaluated reduction of CO2 emissions and energy costs by introducing them. And we analyzed how vehicle weight reduction and change of overall gear ratio / regeneration torque limit affected running energy. Finally, we considered possibility of further reduction of running energy.
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  • Development of An New Hydrogen Refueling Method for FCV
    Kiyoshi Handa, Steve Mathison
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 407-412
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.407
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    A new Hydrogen fueling protocol named the MC-Formula Fill, which builds upon the foundation of the table based protocol, utilizing the same assumptions, boundary conditions, and process limits as the current SAE J2601 standard. The new refueling method facilitates the following: 1) the potential to provide faster fueling times for fuel cell vehicle customers, and 2) the ability to continuously and dynamically adjust to a wide range of dispenser fuel delivery temperatures, allowing for more flexibility in station design. Computer simulations and laboratory bench testing were previously conducted and documented, validating the safety of the protocol. Through the application of the new refueling method to a commercial hydrogen dispenser, and by conducting a large number of refueling on multiple hydrogen storage systems under a wide range of operating conditions, this paper will document the real world performance and behavior of the protocol.
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  • A Consideration for Pressure Relief Device Activating by Radiant Heat from Floor
    Yohsuke Tamura, Kenji Sato
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 413-417
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.413
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    In case fires break out on the lower deck of a car carrier ship or a ferry, the fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) parked on the upper deck may be exposed to radiant heat from the lower deck. Assuming that the thermal pressure relief device (TPRD) of an FCV hydrogen cylinder is activated by the radiant heat without the presence of flames, hydrogen gas will be released by TPRD to form combustible air-fuel mixtures in the vicinity. To investigate the possibility of this accident scenario, the present study investigated the relationship between radiant heat and TPRD activation time and evaluated the possibility of radiant heat causing hydrogen releases by TPRD activation under the condition of deck temperature reaching the spontaneous ignition level of the tires and other automotive parts. It was found: a) the tires as well as polypropylene and other plastic parts underwent spontaneous ignition before TPRD was activated by radiant heat and b) when finally TPRD was activated, the hydrogen releases were rapidly burned by the flames of the tires and plastic parts on fire. Consequently it was concluded that the explosion of air-fuel mixtures assumed in the accident scenario does not occur in the real world.
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  • Improvement of Open Circuit Voltage Estimation Method for Lithium Ion Battery
    Yuya Hato, Junichiro Kato, Toshio Hirota, Yushi Kamiya, Yasuhiro Daish ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 419-424
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.419
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    To estimate the remaining capacity of the li-ion battery, the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) estimation method was examined. The OCV was calculated with revision of the terminal voltage from current and internal resistance. We analyzed the influence of the temperature and the voltage response for the internal resistance calculation and constructed the high accuracy OCV estimation method. Also, carried out the single cell simulation test and inspected the estimation accuracy. It revealed that possible to estimate the OCV with error 0.002V.
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Material
  • Characteristics of Hydrogen Leakage Sound from a Fuel Cell Vehicle by Hearing (Second Report)
    Kiyotaka Maeda, Yohsuke Tamura
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 425-430
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.425
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    Fuel-cell vehicles are designed so that hydrogen flow is automatically stopped after detection of a hydrogen leak or detection of a crash. However, to examine the method for performing safe rescue using human auditory sense in the event of a continuous hydrogen leak, we investigated the relationships between the detectable flow rate of hydrogen in a traffic-noise environment at a downtown crossing and the vehicle type, hydrogen leak direction, shape of the leaking part, audible distance, and ages of subjects. Tests were conducted by reproducing the recorded traffic noise while helium leaks from a hydrogen vehicle in an anechoic room. As a result, we found that hydrogen leakage sound can be recognized in a traffic-noise environment, that the leak from a which has higher vehicle height is heard more easily than that from a lower one, that leaks are easier to detect with a smaller cross-section of the leaking part and closer to the vehicle, and that there is almost no dependency on age.
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Technical Paper
  • Demonstration of Angular Velocity Calibration System Traceable to Primary Angle Standard
    - Testing Sensitivity and Nonlinearity of Commercial Gyroscopes -
    Wataru Kokuyama, Tsukasa Watanabe, Hideaki Nozato, Akihiro Ota, Koichi ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 431-436
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.431
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    Gyroscope is widely spreading in automobile technologies such as Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and crash testing devices. Traceability for test equipment of gyroscopes is discussed and will soon be required in the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries. To meet the upcoming calibration needs, we are developing an angularvelocity calibration system based on a self-calibratable rotary encoder (SelfA), which is the same type as national primary angle standard. In this paper, we tested out the developed calibration system by means of three commercial gyroscopes, experimentally ranging up to 300 °/s. The rotating stability and electrical noise is suitable for calibration of the gyroscopes.
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Research Paper
  • Evaluation Method for Driver’s Perceived Value of Steering Reaction Force
    Daisuke Yamada, Yuji Muragishi, Ikuo Kushiro, Masakazu Nakazawa, Rurik ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 437-442
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.437
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    The purpose of this study is to develop an evaluation method for driver’s perceived value of steering reaction force during steering in one direction. It is clarified that magnitude of the perceived reaction force can be numerically converted from steering wheel torque and a gradient of the steering wheel torque to the angle. Authors develop a method for estimating a changing trend of the magnitude of the perceived reaction force from a relationship between the steering wheel torque and angle. This method can quantitatively predict the actual feeling of the reaction force.
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Technical Paper
Research Paper
  • Contribution Separation Technique for Vehicle Interior Noise Using Only Response Signals
    ‐Engine, Road and Wind Noise Separation Using Independent Component Analysis‐
    Junji Yoshida, Tomohiro Hirano
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 449-455
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.449
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    In this study, we considered a contribution separation technique using only response signals and utilized independent component analysis (ICA) as the method. To verify the applicability of the method, vehicle engine, road and wind noise sources were combined artificially to simulate vehicle interior noise and ICA was applied to these signals for separating each contribution. The result showed the contribution could not be obtained correctly by the permutation problem. We then proposed a solution technique using characteristics of each sound source. As a result, the technique with the method could calculate correct contributions using only response signals.
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  • Reduction of Longitudinal Vibration Using In-Wheel Motors
    Hideki Fukudome
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 457-462
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.457
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    This study analyzed the longitudinal vibration of a vehicle body and unsprung mass. Calculations and tests verified that longitudinal vibration c an b e r educed u sing i n-wheel motors, which generate torque very quickly. Despite increasing demand for measures to enhance ride comfort considering longitudinal vibration, this type of vibration cannot be absorbed or controlled using a conventional suspension. This paper describes the reduction of vehicle longitudinal vibration that cannot be controlled by conventional actuators.
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  • Development of Fracture Model for Laser Screw Welding
    Koushi Kumagai, Tsuyoshi Yasuki, Masaaki Kuwahara, Norimasa Koreishi
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 463-469
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.463
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    This paper describes development of the Laser Screw Welding (hereinafter LSW) fracture model and validation of the model with experimental results. It is an issue in vehicle development that fracture model of LSW which can be welded in short pitch and with large clearance allowance have not been developed with being strengthened safety requirements in recent years. Since unknown material is created by stirring various molten metals composing of plates in joining, LSW fractures in various modes. Therefore fracture model was estimated difficult to develop. A model was developed to simulate fracture mode bifurcations and was validated with experiment results.
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  • Measurement of Surface Roughness of Icy Road Surface by Spectral Polarimetry (Third Report)
    Daisuke Iwama, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Akihiro Kido, Kaname Naganuma
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 471-476
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.471
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    The influence of road surface conditions on traffic accidents is remarkable, especially in snowy countries. And accidents caused by polished ice on the surface of roads are still serious problem in winter. A remote sensing method for road surface conditions will be effective for the reduction of accidents. NIR spectroscopic method was applied for the various surfaces covered in ice and the possibility to detect the friction coefficient was reported on the previous study. In this paper shows the possibility to distinguish the wet road surface from the ice surface covered by thin water. As a result, two incident/reflection angles, 60 degree and 80 degree, are needed and 1500nm wavelength is required set for this method.
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  • Analysis of Bicyclists’ Head Protection Methods During Head Impacts to a Car and the Ground in Bicyclist and Car Traffic Accidents, Using a Computer Simulation Analysis Method
    Yuichi Omoda, Atsuhiro Konosu
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 477-483
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.477
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    In order to achieve further reduction of the number of fatally and seriously injured persons in traffic accidents, consideration of bicyclists' head protection methods is vital. To be helpful for the reduction, we conducted a computer simulation analysis regarding bicyclists' head protection methods during head impacts to a car and the ground in bicyclist and car traffic accidents using commercialized software called MADYMO. As a result, several bicyclists’ head protection methods were created from the car side and bicyclist side respectively. Moreover, effectiveness of those protection methods was analyzed quantitatively by calculating the head injury criterion (HIC) value using deceleration values generated at a bicyclist’s head.
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  • Influence of Lower Extremity Postures on Kinematics and Injuries of Cyclists in Car Collisions
    Hiroshi Mizuguchi, Daisuke Ito, Koji Mizuno
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 485-490
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.485
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    A cyclist takes different postures of lower extremities while pushing the pedals. In this research, the kinematics of the whole body and injury risk of cyclist were examined for three representative postures of the lower extremities with and without cyclist traveling velocity. The knee height of the cyclist relative to the hood leading edge affected the kinematics and the head impact location against the car. The bicycle velocity influenced not only head impact location in the car lateral direction but also knee deformation.
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Material
Research Paper
  • Relationship between Allowable Task Demand while Driving and Allocation of Attentional Resources
    Toshihisa Sato, Yuji Takeda, Sunao Iwaki, Motoyuki Akamatsu
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 503-508
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.503
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    Simulator experiment was performed to investigate the relationship between allowable visual demands and attentional resources allocated to the driving task. We used an occlusion method changing automatically the viewing and occlusion time of road scene at pre-determined intervals. The allowable task demand was estimated based on the occlusion time reflecting the standard deviation of lateral position similar to that in normal driving. We also evaluated the amount of driver’s attentional resources available for the driving task using the amplitude of event-related potentials elicited by task-irrelevant auditory probes. The results indicate that higher allowable task demands are correlated with more attentional resources.
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  • Drivers' Recognitions of Head-up Displays (HUD) with Near-Peripheral Vision Considering Autonomous Vehicles
    Hiromasa Miura, Soichiro Aoyagi, Haruhiko Satou, Yoshinori Yamaki, Kei ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 509-514
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.509
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    HUD can be effective for a driver to recognize both of traffic environment and system information quickly, which may be particularly beneficial in a situation when supervising an autonomous vehicle. We have verified this effect of HUD in a quantitative way with a series of experiments measuring the driver's reaction time to look into the differences in driver's recognitions by level of vehicle automation. Also an on-the-scene HUD method with moving image has been explored that enables the ease of simultaneously recognition both of traffic environment and vehicle information. It was confirmed that by adequately controlling the frequency it is possible to achieve it while maintaining the visual attraction at low level.
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  • Influence of Number of Multiple Display Items and Their Positions on Safety Driving (First Report)
    - Cognitive Performance and Driving Behavior of Drivers-
    Megumi Enomoto, Michiaki Sekine, Kazumoto Morita, Kenji Tanaka
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 515-521
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.515
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    The authors examined the influence of numbers and positions of Head-Up Display (HUD) items on cognitive performance and driving behavior of drivers using a driving simulator. Participants were asked to detect a target among plural HUD items during their driving. The response time was short in the area of driver's straight looking forward direction including the area of its 3 degrees up and below. The response time became quasi-linearly longer as the number of HUD items increased. Changes in the gas pedal control when drivers were conducting the HUD task were smaller compared to when not conducting the task.
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  • Influence of Number of Multiple Display Items and Their Positions on Safety Driving (Second Report)
    - Brake Operation and Eye Movement of Drivers -
    Megumi Enomoto, Michiaki Sekine, Kazumoto Morita, Kenji Tanaka
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 523-529
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.523
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    Using a driving simulator, authors examined the influence of conducting the Head-Up Display (HUD) task on a driver's brake response time to the unexpectedly lit stop lamps of the leading vehicle. The HUD task was to detect a target item among displayed plural HUD items. The brake response time during conducting the HUD task was longer compared to that without the HUD task, however the number of HUD items did not almost affect the brake response time. The result of the eye tracking data showed that participants might try to observe the leading vehicle while they were searching for the target item.
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  • Evaluation of an Assistance System for Elderly Drivers When Approaching Stop Intersections
    Takashi Hosokawa, Hiroshi Hashimoto, Machiko Hiramatsu, Takashi Sunda, ...
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 531-536
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.531
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    The study focused driver assistance systems on stop intersections since the typical accident involving an elderly driver occurs at a stop intersection. The three-step assistance system, giving ’advisory’, ’warning’information and brake intervention, was evaluated in the JARI proving ground. The elderly participants were surveyed on their usual driving by a driving recorder before the experiment. The results showed that the deceleration timing became earlier and approaching speed to the stop intersections became slower when the assistance system was applied to the elderly drivers who didn't stop in the above-mentioned survey. The subjective rating also indicated higher acceptance of the system.
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  • Basic Study on Transition to Manual from Highly Automated Driving
    - Effects of Drowsiness or Non-Driving-Related-Tasks and Driver Behavior When Take-Over-Requests Were Provided -
    Ryohei Homma, Takashi Wakasugi, Kenji Kodaka
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 537-542
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.537
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    We conducted a driving simulator experiment to observe the behavior of the driver during normal operation of the highly automated driving system and to investigate the driver’s behavior when accepting the system’s request for manual driving. During about 25 min of automated driving, driver usually felt drowsiness, unlike during manual driving. Furthermore, non-driving-related tasks such as the driver using a mobile phone were observed. At the end of the run, there was a construction site where lane change was required because the automatic driving systems reached the limit of functions. The timing of starting lane change was significantly later in the 2-sec condition than in the manual conditions. No significant difference was observed in the 5-sec and 10-sec conditions, however few high-risk lane changes were observed. We suggest that the method for generating the request to shift from automated driving to manual driving should be considered.
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  • Collision Risk with Visible Pedestrian Caused by Driver Error while Driving on Non-intersection Road
    Takashi Tagawa, Kenji Sato, Motoki Shino
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 543-548
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.543
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    Critical situations with pedestrians while driving on non-intersection road are happen not only hidden pedestrians behind obstructions but also visible pedestrians on a sidewalk. It was one of a feature of critical situation at non-intersection road in previous studies. In this study, we hypothesize that one of the cause is driver's prediction for a pedestrians who will / will not be crossing the road. Therefore, we took an experiment in a test field to confirm the effect of the prediction to pedestrians and analysed vehicle speed and driver's eye movement.
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  • Development of a Mannequin Device That Can Simulate Various Seating Postures
    Yoshiomi Nishigaki, Kenji Kawano, Hirofumi Kondo, Kenji Nakagawa
    2016 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages 549-554
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11351/jsaeronbun.47.549
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    Vehicle seats should account various seating postures of individuals. In order to evaluate this variation quantitatively, we developed a simple mannequin device that can simulate various occupants. And, we verified relationship between the device results and real occupants. Finally, we discussed the relationship between the individual difference and seat design.
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