The purpose of this paper is to identify political implications of parks and open spaces by analyzing services of green corridors. This paper develops and introduces new indexes ,which are GA, GS, and UWT in order to evaluate services of green corridor both in terms of space interconnection and pedestrian routing. The analyses of the green axis along the Sumiyoshi River in Kobe as a case study obtain results as follows; (1) GA increases by creating parks near the existing ones(within tripled an attractive range of parks) even though scale of parks is small, (2) when humans travel radially, GS increases dominantly by setting some parks per an attractive range of parks (250m), (3) UWT is likely of being used to experiment to create pedestrian routing so as not to interfere with closeness and safety which can be trade-off relation against simplicity and comfortableness.

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 Fish has the ordinary and dark muscle. When fish uses ordinary muscle, fish gets tired. In such a situation, fish needs a rest. In this study, some spur dykes were established at both banks in open-channel flows and flow velocity was changed. The trajectories of Nipponocypris temminckii's were observed. It was found that the total time of the rest increases with an increase of aspect ratio and also velocity. The migration speed decrease with an increase of velocity, because the total time of the rest increase with an increase of velocity. After the rest, some fishes start to swim to the upstream and the other start to swim to the downstream.

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 Recent rapid urbanization is globally placing strain on ecosystems and with it a growing awareness of the issues of urban biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of ecosystem services. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relevance between urban activities and ecosystems. The research approach applied evaluates the degree of dependence of consumer sectors on forest ecosystem services at municipalities in Osaka Prefecture. This evaluation was followed with hierarchical clustering using variables representing the characteristics of consumer sectors of each municipality. It was found that urban activities in Osaka Prefecture primarily depend on the service of CO₂ absorption. The results also show what activities are most likely to create a demand for ecosystem services. From the hierarchical clustering, the municipalities can be divided into five separate clusters of varying characteristics. Furthermore, it was understood that there is an overuse, or imbalance, in ecosystem service use at almost every municipality in Osaka. It is believed that these results can contribute to the development of indices for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of ecosystem services in urban ecosystems. Future research includes increased coverage of ecosystem services, and expansion to examine other regions for a more precise and holistic grasp of dependences on ecosystem services.

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 Fishways have been constructed to facilitate migration of fish past dams, waterfalls and rapids. Wada pointed out that the migration rate of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) was high value when the depth of the pool in a pool-and-weir fishway was shallow. However, in this study, the discharge is fixed. Therefore the influence of the discharge change is not taken into consideration. And the cause of the migration is ambiguous.
 In this study, the depth of the pool in a pool-and-weir fishway was changed 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8m, and the discharge in each depth was changed 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 l/s. The migration rates of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) were obtained with the aid of two sets of digital video cameras. It was found that the migration rates of ayu take the maximum value when the depth in a pool-and-weir fishway is in the range of 0.2-0.4 m. However the migration rate is low when discharge is a few, or large. And it was found that the migration rates of ayu is high when the fish's angle has gathered.

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 When the popularization of water efficient appliances is promoted in order to mitigate damage of droughts, the reduction of damage should be evaluated by comparison of that between with and without the promotion. In this study the effects of the promotion of replacement with water efficient toilets on water conservation were estimated. When the replacement with water efficient toilets is promoted, how earlier time to replace the toilets comes and how more efficient toilets citizens choose are postulated. Without the promotion, water use for toilets in Takamatsu city in Japan is estimated to be decreased by 26.1L/cap/day in 20 years by water efficient toilets popularized gradually. If time to replace becomes 50%, the amount of water use might be decreased by 4.5 L/cap/day in 20 years to compared with that without the promotion. If citizen choose most efficient toilets, the amount of water use might be decreased by 0.9 L/cap/day in 20 years to compared with that without the promotion, which will have little effect on water saving.

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 Sedimentation occupies the storage capacity of reservoirs and reduces the amount of available surface water resource. The countermeasure to the sedimentation is required especially in arid land where the land erosion is very severe due to low vegetation in the catchment area, and even fine particles are deposited because of the low water rotation of the reservoirs under the climatic condition of clear difference between rainy season and drought season. However, it has not been carried out because the conventional technologies against the sedimentation, such as dredging or bypass for sediment inflow, are quite costly.
 The authors proposed the exploitation idea which can valorize the sediment and will financially assist the cost of dredging or other countermeasures to the sedimentation. One of the exploitation ways is producing construction bricks. Sediment in Tunisian reservoirs is fine and sticky clay or silt, so there is a potential of the material for producing ceramics. In this study, the current situation of the production of the construction bricks in Tunisia was surveyed; price of raw material, a wholesale price, market price, processing cost and material flow. This information defines the market of construction bricks and the possibility of reservoir sediment for the production of construction bricks can be evaluated.
 Physical feasibility of the sediment for construction bricks was also investigated by the trial production of small pieces of slate and carrying out the flexure test with them. The slate samples made from the sediment gave almost same strength as the slate made from clay which is used in a brick factory in Tunisia.

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 Lake Biwa Comprehensive Preservation and Improvement Project was established in 2000 for an environmental management of Lake Biwa. Moriyama River Water Treatment Facility was constructed by combining stormwater retention and aquatic plant treatment under the project. It has been operated in order to improve water quality which runs off into Lake Biwa by a series of facilities of a pre-treatment facility, a stormwater retention pond and a vegetation pond. The objectives of this study are to obtain knowledge on pollutant behaviour and mass balance in the treatment facility and to discuss availability of the methodology for an effective management of pollutant runoff from point/nonpoint sources. Surveys on pollutant runoff were done for dry weather periods and storm events, which observed water quality and flow volume into/through/out of the treatment facility. As a result of discussions through the surveys, it was shown that pollutant removal efficiencies of the treatment facility are not clear during dry weather periods, but they are remarkable during storm events especially in the stormwater retention pond for particulate pollutants. It was also shown that removed pollutant loads in the stormwater retention pond occupied a large ratio for 26-74% in total removed loads in the treatment facility, but these efficiencies depended upon pollutant physical and chemical properties. These findings will leads to more objective environmental management of point/nonpoint pollutants around Lake Biwa.

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 Purpose of this research is to clear present condition of food waste recycling in hotels. Method of this research is mainly questionnaire survey to hotels which have implemented food waste recycling. Findings of this research are as follows:
 1. In many hotels which have implemented food waste recycling, the cost of processing food waste does not increase.
 2. It is necessary to pre-training to employees. Continuous training is also needed.
 3. The cooperation of kitchen members is essential to the separation of food waste . So, in the center of the organizational operation of the recycling of food waste, a representative of the members should enter.
 4. Commission rate of the recycling of food waste in hotels in large cities, is different from that in the hotels in local cities.
 5. Fertilizer is the main way of the recycling of food waste. Feed production is not the main way.

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 Purpose of this research is to clear present condition and publication of information on usage of charge of disposal of household waste. Method of this research is questionnaire survey to cities introducing the charging system on disposal of household waste from 2005 to 2009. Findings of this research are as follows:
 1. The charge income enter into the general account, rather than special accounts. But percentage of the city without limitation the usage is only 25%,and this percentage is greatly reduced from 59% six years ago.
  2. About 30% of the item of usage is the new item. And in about 50% of the item continued, the project cost increases.
 3. About half of the city have published the article on decision-making process of usage of charge. And about half of the city have published the article on actual of usage of charge.
 4. Between publication of information on usage of charge and waste reduction , statistically significant association is observed.

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 This paper assessed the solid waste management (SWM) service cost estimate system for major Indonesian cities and develop standards for major SWM service costs, which consist of: collection, transfer and treatment, transportation, landfill management costs. This paper also presents the results of economic assessments that compare the options available for SWM in major Indonesian cities. The options compared are: collection and transport efficiency (CTE), communal waste treatment (CWT), and a centralized composting and recycling facility (CRF). An expenses-benefit calculation is used for the economic assessment. The results of our study show that composting at a centralized plant is the most economically feasible option under the current conditions prevailing in Indonesia.

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 A simulation model to account for the total cost, the total CO₂ emission, the energy recovery in terms of electricity, the recycling rate and final disposal amount, is developed for evaluating incineration plants renovation programs and region wide solid waste management. The authors applied the model to the pilot study in Hyogo prefecture and estimate the performances of those indicators in the period of 2010 - 2030. The total cost in the region-wide solid waste management (RWM) scenario shows little difference from that in the business as usual (Bau) scenario, in spite of increasing garbage collection/transpot distance in the RWM scenario, because of falling off in the construction-and-operation cost of enlarged highly-efficient incineration plants. Furthermore, the total amount of CO₂ emission in the RWM scenario is less than in the Bau scenario, when considerating the reduction effect of embodied CO₂ volume or social cost equivalent to the energy recovery by boiler and power-generating system. Especially, the amount of electricity production in the RWM scenario is almost twice of the amount in the Bau scenario. This simulated performance indicates that the incineration plants are to serve as energy supply facilities in the region-wide area.

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 In order to find out the potential causes that affect CO₂ emission and their changes in freight transport sector, this paper examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and transportation activities in the sector. First, CO₂ emission from the freight transport sector from 2001 to 2010 is calculated based on presented methods. Second, LMDI (logarithmic mean Divisia index) method is employed to analyze the influencing factors of CO₂ emission in freight transport sector. As a result, we find: (1) from 2001 to 2010, CO₂ emission of freight transport in Beijing increased by 69%, i.e., from 3.50 million tons to 5.91 million-tons, while that in Shanghai rose by 242%, i.e., from 4.23 million tons to 14.5 million tons; (2) based on the result obtained by using LMDI method, population effect, per capita GDP effect, energy source effect and mode shift effect have positive effects on CO₂ emission in both cities; while the factors of transport intensity and the emission coefficient effect show negative impacts on CO₂ emission; (3) the reason why the decrease in transport intensity appears is that transported products are becoming more and more valuable and more value added. Therefore, policy makers should make corresponding policies to encourage rail transport and shorter travel distance in the freight transport sector to reduce CO₂ emission.

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 To maintain regional transportation for dependent users, the use of buses and the quantitative increase or stabilization of bus users are necessary. It is important to convert the means of regional transportation from private vehicles to buses to reduce the environmental load. The potentiality of the bus mode of transportation must be reviewed. Therefore, based on results of research conducted at Okayama Station, we conducted investigations into the actual conditions of buses to analyze factors determining whether buses are used and whether a change over from private vehicles to buses as a means of regional transportation can be accomplished. The results acquired in this study suggest an effective policy to advance the change from private vehicles to buses. Results show a quantitative relation of bus use to age and occupation. The major results are as follows. 1) Potentiality for modal change to buse is specially influenced by age and occupation. 2) As for needs of bus service, whereas needs of under 40s are the number of lines and the accuracy of timetables, needs of over 60s(unemployed) are the reduction in burden of boarding and transfer.

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 The Environmental Impact Assessment Law was revised in 2011. Opportunities to give input have increased, and hence, a clearer environmental impact statement is needed for citizens. In this study, we analyzed citizens' concerns about a road environmental assessment procedure, and examined how a statement should be. The following are the examples of citizens' concerns: (1) the state of future air quality and noise as compared to the present and (2) the preservation of not only important and endangered species but also familiar nature. This study suggested that it is necessary to emphasize citizens' concerns in a statement. Furthermore, appropriate communication with business operators is demanded so that an increase in the information does not become a burden on citizens.

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 For the study of desirable Sound Material-cycle (SMC) Blocks, it is necessary to construct an optimal scale for the characteristics of regional and recyclable resources. This study assumed that SMC blocks are dictated by generation density, transportation efficiency and scale factors of intermediate waste processing. The constructed model set up governing parameters for three parameters. This paper analyzes the causal linkage between governing parameters and SMC blocks using sensibility analysis and case studies. When substance specific parameters and actual urban data are applied to the theoretical model, it can calculate SMC blocks and provide a comparison of the characteristics of items and regions.

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 Waste landfill sites are large emission source of methane. In landfill sites, waste is biologically degradated and landfill gas such as CH₄ and CO₂ are generated of anaerobic environment, but the detailed mechanisms of landfill gas emission in waste layer or in cover soil layer, especially the effect of vegetation on landfill gas emission, have not been clarified. In order to find out the effect of vegetation on landfill gas emission from a landfill site, two investigations were carried out in this study.
 The column test was conducted to compare CH₄ flux rate from soil surface and the flux through plants. According to the experiment, the rate of CH₄ flux through plant was affected by kind of plant and soil property. The outdoor experiment was conducted by using two soil containers with vegetation and one soil container without vegetation. Through experimental period, CH₄ flux of the vegetated containers was bigger than CH₄ flux of the non-vegetated container. Additionally, the numerical model of the outdoor experiment was developed on the assumption that the difference of CH₄ flux between the vegetated soil containers and the non-vegetated soil container is caused by CH₄ emission through plants and the driving force of the emission is diffusion in plants bodies. As a result, the model explained the experimental results correctly.

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 In recent years, a resource-circulating society has gained more attention while the concept of regional recycling society also emerged. Regional infrastructure development produces large amount of construction wastes. Effort to be a regional resource-circulating society will be an effective counter measure to an efficient resource use. In this study, the computational model to go to the regional resource-circulating society is built and estimation of supply and demand of concrete material is mainly focused and done by detail spatial analysis and future projection. As a result, there were three zones in three prefectures to circulate concrete block within 20km.

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 This study assumes two different socio-economic scenarios for China, and analyzes whether it is possible for China to achieve a Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reduction target which is consistent with global 50% reduction target in 2050.
 The concepts of the two scenarios are;
 SLCS: a society which accepts innovative changes actively with high economic growth
 SSTAG: a society which is reluctant to innovative changes with relatively low economic growth
 The GHG emissions reduction target for China is 66% reduction in 2050 from 2005 levels, which is calculated based on global 50% reduction targets in 2050 from 1990 levels and equal emissions amount per capita all over the world in 2050. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to analyze the economic effects of the GHG emission reduction target.
 The results show that renewable energy introduction and the emission reduction of non-energy related GHG have the most significant effects to satisfy GHG emission constraints. In order to implement those counter measures, the emission cost of SLCS is 464USD/tCO₂eq. and that of SSTAG is 395USD/tCO₂eq. in 2050. In addition, the GDP loss caused by GHG emissions reduction of SLCS is 7.9% and that of SSTAG is 8.3% in 2050.

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 Citizens' pro-environmental behaviors were surveyed in 47 prefectures in Japan. The degree of practice of 44 everyday behaviors and implementation of 13 equipments were surveyed. On the other hand, 25 socioeconomic factors from the local-level statistics were chosen. A regression analysis between the pro-environmental behaviors and socioeconomical factors showed that the personal factors, especially the psychological ones, have more influence than socioeconomic factors on the practice degrees of these environmental behaviors. Subsidy policy of local government was effective to reduce plastic shopping bag use, but the effects of other subsidy were not obvious.

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 Construction surplus soil is being inappropriately disposed and local governments have been establishing local ordinances to solve the problem. In order to analyze the problem and to propose effective countermeasures, this study identifies pattern of the inappropriate disposal, the environmental risks, economic incentives of the activities, and limit of the existing legislations. It applies Interpretive Structural Modeling to the cases, and demonstrates that the activities are conducted by incentives both of those discharging and of those accepting the surplus soil. It analyzes data on removed surplus soil in FY 2010 at Kanagawa Prefecture. Compare to the cases of private construction, the movement lengths of surplus soil are shorter, number of the destination sites from one construction is smaller, and official notices seem to be better observed at the cases of public construction. Municipal ordinances seem neither to restrict nor to attract immigration of the soil. It also analyzes prefecture ordinances and identifies necessity of a new legislation which materializes liability of discharger based on the Basic Act on Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, and proposes concrete measures.

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 In this paper, we evaluate the second period Voluntary Management Plans of industry associations for toxic air pollutants in Japan using the emission data of dichloromethane during 2001-2003. Because ISO14001 adoption is likely to affect facilities' performances in the emission reduction during the period, we control its impact in order to avoid overestimating the effect of the Plans. Our analysis reports two results. When we use the difference measure, the result shows that if a facility participates in the Plans, it decreases the air pollutant at significantly greater level than the one that does not participate in the Plans. However, when we use proportion measure, it does not show the same result. These results imply that facilities with greater emission levels are more likely to participate in the Plans; but that the facilities that participated in the Plans before the second period may have already reached the levels very close to their limitations in the second period.

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 In this study, the experiment that covered the large-scale folded-plate roof of the factory building was done by using a water contain concrete board for the construction use. In the factory building, the measurement of the heat inflow on the roof side and the indoor temperature has done and analyse the mitigating effect. The analytical result during the July-September of summer of 2011 is as follows. The effect of the decrease of the roof surface temperature appeared remarkably, and became the temperatures fluctuate of 21.8°C by the mean value by using the water contain concrete board compared with the folded-plate roof area assumed to be a comparison in daytime of a fine day in summer. The ceiling side temperature decreases at 12.6°C in average because it compares the water contain concrete board district and the comparison district, and the room temperature has decreased at 5.7°C in average. As a result, it succeeded in the prevention of the stop accident of the compressor to stay up until the previous year. The room temperature has decreased a little by the insolation cover in winter. However, the value of the coefficient of heat transmission shows that the effect of heat insulation is possessed if the board dried. The industrial method that set up the water contain concrete board on the roof was judged that the possibility of practical use was high from these results.

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 Since environmental valuation studies focus on a value of an environmental improvement, then, it is rare to show the value of an environmental degradation. Thus, many tourists to the environment don't willing to pay a fee, which is used for conservations of the environment, because they don't understand the degree of the degradation. Purposes of this study are to estimate the welfare losses of environmental degradations, and to calculate access fees based on the welfare losses. The trip data to 12 wetland areas of Hokkaido were used for estimation. In the case of 76% of environmental degradations were assumed, the fees range from 0.15% to 23.80% of the individuals' travel costs. In the case of 100%, the fees range from 0.46% to 143.41%, respectively.

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 The travel cost method (TCM) and the contingent value method evaluate economic impacts of global warming on natural environment. These methods, however, are partial equilibrium approaches for individual cases, and they are difficult to measure ripple effects throughout the economy due to climate change. To measure economic impacts of environmental change, the purpose of this study is to develop theoretical framework of computable general equilibrium model (CGE) consistent with utility function derived from recreation demand function estimated by the TCM, by solving an integrability problem. And, this study verifies our CGE model behavior and shows applicability to empirical analysis with our CGE model, by numerical experiment using hypothetical beach erosion scenarios covering beach around Japan.

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 Simple simulation model of electricity demand and solar energy supply demonstrates monetary benefit derived from peak shaving and load leveling in operation of battery charging / discharging with photovoltaics.
 Probabilistic electricity balancing model is applied to simulation research on battery operation in factories, which have installed photovoltaics, on half hourly basis. The major engineering variables, which are listed up, in this research, are capacity volumes of battery and photovoltaics and margin setting of receiving maximum allowance for cost-effective performance in minimizing total cost of PV / BT system and electric bills including penalty for excess ever these contracted with reginal grid company.
 Stand-alone equipment of PV or BT, even with cost receasing by 30% causes ineffective cost performance to facility energy management under the present electricity pricing condition. When considering hybrid system operation of PV and BT, users should join reasonable range of profitable combination of PV and BT systems. As in example of hybrid combination of PV and BT, both condition of PV price decreasing by 50% and BT price decreasing by 75%,userinstalling 280[kW] capacity of PV and BT systems(PV:170[kW], BT:110[kW]) pay no additional cost.

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 In the current situation, municipal household waste, which accounts for 55% of total food waste, is mainly incinerated. In this study, we attempted to estimate life-cycle environmental loads of a food waste recycling system which implements regional circulation through on-site food waste treatment facilities. The objective of this study is to evaluate the advances of this system compared with the current combustible waste disposal system. Kitakyushu City was taken as the case study area. LCA for each stage of transportation, incineration and primary fermentation was carried out. It was assumed that this recycling system spread to housing complexes throughout the city, and the analysis was based on the experimental data from a certain specific apartment house. Results showed that when the scale of the urban becomes small in cluster housing of Kitakyushu City, there would be a reduction of 2.73 t-CO₂ of greenhouse gases per month.

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 Bio-oil is a renewable and transportable liquid fuel produced by the fast pyrolysis of biomass resources, and it can be used as a fuel for direct combustion with natural gasses and heavy oils. When sewage sludge is utilized as an input material into the bio-oil production, to acquire a sufficient heat source needed in drying the dewatered sludge is essential point for achieving more efficient production system. In this paper, we developed the high-efficient bio-oil production system of sewage sludge utilizing power generated from exhaust heat at incineration plants in Wakayama City, Wakayama Prefecture. We also evaluated the reduction effects in energy consumption and GHG emission based on 4 alternative treatment systems of general waste and sewage sludge. The results of analysis showed that the bio-oil production system of the sewage sludge utilizing exhaust heat at incineration plant would have potential for energy independence. We also found this system could reduce GHG emission by 37.3%, compared with a traditional system in which the waste power generation was not installed at incineration plant and simple incineration technology was applied to sewerage treatment process.

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 To achieve the target cutting global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in half by 2050, mitigation technologies of agriculture and livestock sectors are expected to play an important role in reducing GHG emissions in the future. In this paper, we developed methodology for evaluating GHG mitigations in these sectors at a country/regional level by using AGriculture Bottom-up Model. We also developed methodologies to design GHG mitigation scenarios and how to plan mitigation technology applications. We applied the model to Malaysia and represented quantitatively mitigation potentials in the future.

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 An illegal dumping site on the prefectural boundary between Aomori and Iwate is one of the largest illegal dumping sites in Japan. Aomori and Iwate prefectures have conducted measures respectively, so there is a problem on the outflow of groundwater contaminated by 1,4-dioxane from the Iwate side to the Aomori side. However, since the recognition of both prefectures to the contaminated groundwater is different, permanent measures for the contaminated groundwater have not been considered. In the present study, the numerical simulation by three-dimensional model was conducted, and the quantity of groundwater flow from the Iwate side to the Aomori side and distribution of 1,4-dioxane around the prefectural boundary are shown. In addition, assuming that future measures in both prefectures, future groundwater flow and distribution of 1,4-dioxane were predicted. Based on the results, necessity of permanent measures for contaminated groundwater on the prefectural boundary was suggested.

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 In this research we considered the optimal water supply control and management plan for minimizing power usage by water distribution pumps. We first looked at water distribution systems in urban areas from the standpoint of energy conservation and determined what kind of water supply control and management is necessary for saving energy. We devised an optimal model of the "route/flow decision problem" for minimizing power use in the water distribution system as a whole while meeting demand in the distributing areas, and formularized the model by means of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Then to validate the MILP model we attempted a case study. As a result of hourly analysis, we determined that by changing the allocation ratios of water distributed from each facility to those proposed in an alternative plan based on the MILP-derived model, power usage can be reduced by approximately 8 percent compared to conventional water supply control and management methods.

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 In this study, we investigated the effect of the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen from paddy field effluent water on the Tone River in Gunma Prefecture. The concentrations of inorganic nitrogen of the Tone River were 1.0-3.0mg/l from May to August. On the other hand, the values increased from August. We investigated the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in inflows and outflows from a paddy field in Takasaki city. The outflows values were low compared with inflows. These results suggest that the Tone River water is influenced by paddy fields. I calculated that the amount of nitrogen removal was about 19.4 mg/m²/day in August and 6.7 mg/m²/day in September. I estimated the nitrogen removal in planted paddy fields. The amount of nitrogen removal is about 0.06-0.48% at the Toneoozeki, down stream point of Tone River in Gunma Prefecture.

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 In this paper it is discussed mechanism of media choice affect adaptive capacity form in younger generations. It is still unknown about adaptations of climate change for citizens. On the other hands, Citizens usually get information about climate change through media. Therefore, developing adaptive capacity in younger generations who will establish their lifestyle from now by media would be useful. This study used questionnaire investigations. 645 valid samples were gathered from students of elementary schools, junior high schools, and universities. Logit model and structural equation modeling were used for analytical methods. From the results, it was shown that media affects accommodation actions. Moreover, the structure, that coping effectively cognition affects adaptive behavior of future with growth, was shown. Finally, this paper discussed several recommendations to promote adaptive capacity using media.

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 The current public awareness of information associated with adaption policy for the climate change was investigated through a questionnaire survey. The relationships between the information awareness and people's priority on the fields probably affected by the climate change (e.g. water environment, disaster prevention, health, ecosystem, and agriculture) was also analyzed. The daily health-related information, such as 'cedar pollen distribution', 'heat stroke risk', and 'photochemical smog alert', was well recognized. Almost 90% of respondents are interested in 'extremely hot weather' and 'heavy rain'. The people who showed higher interests in 'xtremely hot weather' showed higher awareness of all information. Agriculture field is considered to be the most important field, while the disaster-prevention field to be the lowest. For socio-demographic effects, men have higher cognitive rates than women particularly in the disaster-prevention field, and the elder people show more conginitive rates.

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 Toward adaptation to the climate change, a number of scientific studies that attempt to forecast its impact on agriculture and develop technologies through breeding have been implemented. In order to initiate policy discussions for adaptation in the agricultural sector, however, this paper proposes that a wide variety of stakeholders who have interests in planting, cropping, marketing, and consumption must be identified as the first step of policy analysis toward sustainable adaptation.
 The paper is a product of a stakeholder analysis based on a number of interviews about climate change adaptation with stakeholders in the field of agriculture in two case study areas in Saitama Prefecture. Our analysis reveals that their interest in climate change adaptation, which is likely to be an issue in several decades later, is minimal and its priority is very low. They are currently faced with harsh competition with imported food products and difficulties in persuading their heirs to inherit their operation. They in fact have substantial experience with adaptation to ever-changing consumer preferences and microclimate. Policy processes for climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector in Japan need to involve those representatives who have stakes in the agriculture in the long-term future.

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 The objective of the present paper is to investigate public attitude toward global warming (GW) mitigation policies implemented by local governments, in particular policies for installation of low carbon systems in residential sectors. We conducted a questionnaire survey of residents in Saitama, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Osaka and Sakai cities where local environmental problems such as an urban heat-island effect and photochemical smog are relatively serious. First, we compared attitudes towards policies for GW with those for the local problems, because previous studies have showed that the public have different attitudes toward identical measures according to problems addressed. Taking measures to promote energy efficient hot water systems or vehicles, such as obligations to purchase those systems, as examples, we found that there is no significant difference between the GW and local problems. Second, we found that in order to obtain positive attitudes by over 65% respondents toward the obligations, which a previous study referred to as a requirement when local governments implement obligatory measures, high initial costs of the systems are required to be recovered within three years.

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 This study focuses on the development and strategies of the non-profit organization Ethical Vegetarian Alternative (EVA) in Ghent, which is working to spread vegetarianism to improve animal welfare and reduce environmental impact on the livestock industry. In 2009 EVA started a campaign called Donderdag Veggiedag, suggesting a weekly vegetarian day. Although Belgium has a long meat-eating history, EVA's promoting vegetarianism has a good relationship with the Flemish Government in Ghent. We discuss why EVA's work is going well.
 EVA has many positive activities, such as vegetarian cooking classes and V-day, in which everyone can easily participate. In addition, EVA approached the Ghent Government to create a good relationship, working with a politician interested in vegetarianism. EVA has a well-balanced view and good strategies for approaching both citizens and government, showing why the organization can succeed.

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 This study is aimed at investigating influence of local characteristics concerning water supply and environments on behavior of mothers having elementary school children about drinking water at schools. A Web questionnaire research was conducted to mothers having elementary school children living in Tokyo, Aichi, Osaka and Fukuoka. The analysis of covariance structures was conducted and revealed that images concerning rivers in neighborhood of mothers influence images total water and drinking water at schools. It was suggested that policies concerning river environment might change after more than 20 years images of mothers to tap water and can encourage children drinking tap water at elementary schools.

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 The citizens were forced to practice power saving actions due to the electricity shortage after the Great East Japan Earthquake. In this study, we aimed to make the following points clear: (1) the impact of current situation on practice of pro-environmental behavior, (2) the difference in recognition of current situation among the regions, (3) the relationships between the energy consumption or behavior and the recognition of current situation or personality. A questionnarire survey was conducted and 7,186 responses were obtained in Kanto Area, Osaka city and Hiroshima city. The significantly higher practice rates of power saving behaviors were observed than those before the earthquake. The regional differences of the people's behaviors and recognitions were also significant. The personality and recognition factors which had strong relations with the power saving behaviors were "Hierarchism" and "Concern on the affected area", respectively. However, the multiple regression analysis concluded that the actual energy consumption could not be explained only by the power saving actions, personality and recognition.

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 This paper aims to examine the relationship between Green supply chain management (GSCM) implementation and firm performance in Japanese companies based on a questionnaire survey. Exploratory factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The main result was that the GSCM practices in Japanese companies are focused on internal GSCM practices and external practices including cooperation with suppliers and customers are behind. We also found that the GSCM practices, such as promotion of CSR, tended to have winwin relationships in terms of environmental and economic performance, while resource recovery and cooperation with suppliers didn't have significant influences on any firm performances. It suggested that it was important to promote cooperation among companies and to promote GSCM implementation as part of the competitive strategy of companies.

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 To realize Low Carbon Societies, it is essential to reduce CO₂ emission from energy-intensive material. This research focuses on steel as an example of energy-intensive material, and develops a model to estimate 1)service supplied from goods' stock, 2) goods stock, 3) steel stock, 4) steel demand, 5) CO₂ emission from steel production. This model was applied to Japan for 2005-2050 and scenario analysis was done for 4 scenarios. Steel demand in Japan decreases even in FIX scenario(no apparent counter-measure), and it was 85% relative to 2005. MIX scenario(apply all countermeasures), which reduction is the most, is 38% relative to 2005 and 27% smaller than FIX scenario in 2050. Steel stock per capita in CM scenario (steel service reduction and service efficiency improvement) and TC scenario(substitution to high tensile strength steel) are not so different, 9.4 ton/cap, 9.3 ton/cap respectively. Steel stock per capita in MIX scenario is 8.6 ton/cap. As for CO₂ emission, TC scenario and MIX scenario have a large reduction effect; 59%, 63% relative to 2005, respectively.

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 Recently, biodiversity has shown a decreasing trend on a global scale. In 2010, CBD-DOP10 was held in Nagoya in order to find ways to slow down this trend and promote equal distribution of profits from ecosystem services. Additionally, 2010 was declared Year of Biodiversity in order to increase biodiversity awareness within the society and industries. As a result, economic sectors efforts in biodiversity conservation were predicted to have increased since 2010. Therefore, this research studied trends in conservation efforts and concrete measures in biodiversity conservation actions between the years 2009 and 2011 for companies in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, pulp production, food and construction economic sectors. The differences were studied using CSR and other sustainability reports. The results show an increase from 20% to 60% in reported conservation actions and an increase from 55 to 143 in the number of concrete conservation measures. In addition, the contents of the reports studied showed a general trend towards sustainability across the sectors. Further research needs include examining of the relationships of economic sectors and ecosystems, and based on synergic relationship examples, ultimately the construction of a conservation best-practice database.

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 With the goal of realizing sustainable cities, expectations of compact cities that have less impact on the environment has been growing increasingly. However, policies of each city for realizing a compact city have not been established yet. Therefore, statements related to municipal master plans found in 40 different cities were examined objectively in this study. Consequently, the current status of the introduction of the compact city policies was revealed chronologically from various perspectives such as the concept for the compact city, type of policy, and allowance of retrogression. Results of examinations confirmed that many metropolitan areas have introduced compact city policies in their municipal master plans, although most suburban cities with populations of less than 200,000 have not. Moreover, although some suburban cities have such plans, they do not incorporate consideration of the low carbon usage of the city and often allow development of rural areas.

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 Using an appropriate indicator continuously is regarded as necessary to achieve sustainability. In this study, countries that show progress in indicators of sustainability were chosen for examination. The change of the indicators over time was analyzed, revealing the current status of continuity for each indicator. Results show that the interpretation of sustainability has shifted from environmental aspects, which were emphasized at first, to social aspects. That shift was confirmed quantitatively by examination of the history of the indicators. Furthermore, along with revision of the indicators, economic indicators for which scores are difficult to improve solely by a country's own efforts were cut back, although social indicators that can be improved through government policies have been used continuously. Further examination of each country reveals that countries quit using indicators because of political pressure. Countries that deleted their initial target values of indicators were identified.

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 In this study, the authors developed a text mining technique including Document Frequency-Inverse Minutes Frequency (DFIMF), a new word selection method, to grasp changes in discussion from the minutes of public work planning processes. As the result of applying the developed technique together with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) to the minutes of the Yodo River Watershed Committee, it was first illustrated that DFIMF was more effective than TFIDF in terms of comprehending contents of discussion in the committee. It was also revealed that the themes of discussion in the committee had shifted first from "water demand management", "citizen participation" and "ecosystem integrity" to "dams" and "flood control", then "citizen participation" again, and "estimated high-water level" and "flood control", being finally followed by "review of the plan's progress".

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 In this study, we propose an approach to implement policies to develop a green society through achieving several environmental targets. We applied it to Putrajaya, Malaysia. Tree environmental targets were set in that case study; Low-carbon Putrajaya, 3R Putrajaya, and Cooler Putrajaya. Then we estimated necessary countermeasures to achieve the target, CO₂ emission reduction by each sub-actions, and co-benefit of countermeasures to achievement of the three targets. We had workshops with stakeholders in Putrajaya to discuss sub-actions and programs to propose. This approach will help implementation of policies by enforcing suitability to that city and also taking stakeholders' opinion into consideration.

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 When public infrastructure projects are performed, incorporating residents' opinions into the projects has been conducted through workshops. It is necessary to consider what kind of public involvement is effective for the project in the planning process. In this study, a method of public involvement to facilitate consensus building in public infrastructure projects is considered. Firstly, the multi-criteria evaluation system to evaluate alternatives from the perspectives of residents is explained. Secondly, the questionnaire is conducted to know students' opinions regarding the waterside in the area of their university as an experimental case. Thirdly, the priority of the elements to be changed for maintenance is analyzed from the results of the questionnaire. Based on the priority analysis, the discussion among the students is facilitated regarding the waterside recreation. Finally, a method of public involvement with the multi-criteria evaluation system is examined.

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 This study analysis stakeholders' interests who will be involved in local climate change adaptation in disaster risk reduction policy to calify the points in local pratice. The results indicate the followings: all stakeholder doesn't know climate change adaptation so that the policy implementation is poorly-equipped. There are some problems to be solved such as "a lack of understanding", "a lock-in effect in GHG emissions-reduction" and "a difficulty in agenda-setting". It is therefore essential for stakholders to share scientific fact each other. Developing a communication strategy of climate change adaptation to deliver the information of the relationship between climate change mitigation and adaptaion in accuracy is also important. Moreover, equipping a risk management approach with loal government's administration plan based on long term scientific prediction and realizing policy integration by interdepartmental organization are significant to have local governments put climate change adaptation on agenda.

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 Recently Bamboo forests have been abandoned and it causes many environmental problems. Under this background, a tool that can evaluate environmental and economic impact of bomboo forests management was developed in this study. This model structure includes, strategies, banboo resource use options and management approaches and sub model to evaluate social-economic and environmental aspects. Specifically model inputs are the area of banboo and socio-economic characteristics of the target region and main model outputs are low-carbon effects and impacts to ecosystems, self sufficiency in the target region. Then this model was applied to Kobe city and Awaji resion, the former is the central urban city and the later is the rural area of Hyogo prefecture in Japan. This result implicates some effective bamboo management ways reflecting the characteristics of these two region. It is expected that this decision supporting model of bamboo forests will supports to plan the bamboo forest management under each regional environmental and socio-economic contexts.

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 Reliable data are necessary to evaluate the current status of municipal solid waste (MSW) management and improve current treatment systems. Many developing countries, however, lack reliable data on MSW. The objectives of this study were to accumulate data on MSW in urban areas of Vietnam in 2008 in order to confirm whether the fundamental data existed at the local level, and to evaluate the reliability of the data obtained from waste treatment facilities. Questionnaires about MSW management were distributed to 90 "urban environment companies" (waste management companies) that are in charge of managing MSW in urban areas of Vietnam. A top-down approach was used in the survey, which may have contributed to the high response rate (92%). The MSW collection amounts per person per day were compared with maximum and minimum values in published data; any values above or below these values were corrected if errors were identified in data collection or entry. The total reported population with MSW collection service was 19.1 million, which is about 22% of the total population of Vietnam. The total amount of MSW collected was about 5,335,000 t, 96% of which was transported to landfill sites and 4% to composting sites. The proportion of organic waste in terms of physical composition was 65% on average. Data on the population with MSW collection service and MSW collection amounts in Vietnam were more variable (less reliable) than those in Japan, and the results of our reliability analysis suggest that installation of weighbridges at treatment and disposal facilities would improve the reliability of MSW collection data in Vietnam.

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 Suppressing increases in consumption of paper and paperboard can be an effective measure to reduce resource and energy consumption for developing countries. To accomplish that, we conducted cluster and discriminant analyses from 33 developed countries to identify socioeconomic factors that determine defferences between countries of low consumption of paper and paperboard and those of high consumption. The results show that higher levels of education, economic growth and urbanization are socioeconomic factors influencing consumption of paper and paperboard. A trade-off effect of reducing consumption could exist, however, among usage categories of newsprint, printing and writing paper, sanitary paper, and containerboard. Price increases of newsprint, sanitary paper, and containerboard would result in decreases in their consumption. Suppressing development of tertiary industry could reduce consumption of printing and writing paper, and sanitary paper.

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