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Volume 32 (2005)
- Issue 5 Pages 218-
- Issue 4 Pages 162-
- Issue 3 Pages 110-
- Issue 2 Pages 70-
- Issue 1 Pages 2-
Volume 32, Issue 3
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Seiya Abiko2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 110-117
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe heat radiation, from the Sun at 6000K to space at 3K, gives rise to the meteorological and biological activities on the Earth. Therefore, irreversible processes, expressed by the second law of thermodynamics, originate in the expansion of the universe, which keeps space at 3K. Thermodynamics as formulated by Clausius is primarily a theory, not of energy, but of matter, and “entropy” is a quantity of state expressing “transformational content” of a body. The entropy increase produced by the irreversible processes of heat transfer and diffusion is derived thermodynamically, and Boltzmann's principle deduced. Gibbs's paradox derived from the entropy of mixing, and light-quantum theory from the entropy of radiation, show that thermodynamics contained the germ of quantum theory. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics based on the local equilibrium assumption, and the theory of dissipative structure, explain behavior of matters and formation of structures we meet everyday. Finally, it is argued that the application of the concept of entropy to economic processes highlights the importance of the problems of resource and environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (2286K) -
Sachio Murakami2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 118-125
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGibbs energy is the most important thermodynamic quantity for the discussion of equilibria in chemistry. This paper is for persons who have not opened textbooks of thermodynamics after leaving the school. We shall see that the direction of spontaneous change is firstly obtained in terms of the Gibbs energy of substances, and secondly the maximum non-expansion work obtained from a process at constant temperature and pressure is given by the Gibbs energy change of the process. We shall make another description such as, the properties of Gibbs energy, phase diagram of a substance, colligative properties of solutions, and reaction Gibbs energy in chemical reaction. Finally, we shall deal with the determination procedure of Gibbs energy and discussions of the obtained results in binary solutions as an application to the real system.View full abstractDownload PDF (1565K) -
Akikazu Maesono2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 126-132
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe basic relationship between binary phase diagrams and the thermal analysis charts is described. The phase diagram of Al-Mg system is determined based on the DSC charts. An interesting mystery is given on the freezing behavior of water-ethyl alcohol system; The DSC charts cannot be interpreted based on the simple phase diagram.View full abstractDownload PDF (1236K) -
Are They So Different?Kazuya Saito2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 133-140
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThrough thermodynamic analyses and considerations on the existing experimental results on cubic mesophases, the unexpected sharing of the common properties by thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals is demonstrated. In some thermotropic liquid crystals, the terminal alkyl chain attached to the molecular core is highly disordered as indicated by the magnitude of configurational entropy. The melt chain serves as intramolecular solvent (self-solvent), as evidenced by the close similarity between phase diagrams against chain-length and composition in binary system with n-alkane. These facts lead to the quasi-binary (QB) picture of thermotropic liquid crystals. The QB picture affords the basis to establish the structural models of cubic mesophases in classic cubic mesogens, and that to deduce the entropy difference between flat surfaces and complex surface(s) having complicated geometry such as Gyroid, a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS).View full abstractDownload PDF (1750K) -
Masaki Akaogi2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 141-147
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn high-pressure high-temperature conditions in the earth's interior, constituent minerals of the mantle transform to denser phases. The most abundant mineral, (Mg, Fe) 2SiO4 olivine, transforms to high-pressure phases with spinel structure and (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite plus rocksalt-structured (Mg, Fe)O at the depths where seismic velocities suddenly increase. The equilibrium transition boundaries for the high-pressure transitions of olivine have been accurately determined by high-pressure high-temperature experiments and thermodynamic calculation based on calorimetric data. The results have been used to estimate temperature distribution in the mantle. High-pressure phase relations of pyroxenes and garnet have also been determined by high-pressure experiments and thermodynamic calculation. Combining the phase relations of the mantle minerals, constitution of the deep earth has been mostly clarified. Recent progress in high-pressure experiments has strongly suggested that Mg-rich perovskite further transforms to a denser structure near the base of the mantle.View full abstractDownload PDF (1429K) -
Yuji C. Sasaki2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 148-152
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, we succeeded in vitro time-resolved x-ray observations of picometer-scale slow Brownian motions of individual protein molecules in aqueous solutions. In this new single molecular detection system, which we call Diffracted X-ray Tracking (DXT), we observed the rotating motions of an individual nanocrystal, which is linked to the specific site in individual protein molecules. Therefore, DXT can monitor dynamics of the individual molecules or specific sites in individual single protein molecules. Now, we observed individual DNA molecules, myosin head molecules, denatured proteins, protein membranes.View full abstractDownload PDF (2089K) -
2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 153
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (206K) -
Hidehiro Takahashi, Yoshikazu Nishiyama, Tetsuya Tsujii2005 Volume 32 Issue 3 Pages 154-155
Published: June 15, 2005
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (259K)
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