The information systems (IS) study and practice have greatly developed by being based on the organizational theory, especially organizational decision-making studies. Moreover, many IS studies tended to have treated IT not a little as a 'black box' called in the techno-science, and has been developed under a deterministic technical view. In contemporary ICT environment which is represented by Web2.0, such studies have not necessarily usefulness. Through the review of related precedence studies, this paper argues that 'information and management' study which our society hangs up over a title must be released off the spell of organizational theory, and the indeterminism technical philosophy view plays an important role in order to establish a theoretical base of such studies.

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We surveyed the first issue of "Office Automation" and tried to get some messages linking to "Information and Management". As a result we recognized that some members of Japan Society for Information and Management were repeating same actions after a quarter of a century. We ought to show that changes from "Office Automation" to "Information and Management" are "essential changes" and "historical changes". In addition we have to prove that a new term called "Information and Management" is substantial word. It is more desirable that a framework of "Information and Management" should be built up quickly. Therefore we offer our approximate design for a "Information and Management" theory in this paper.

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Technology, such as information and communications technology (ICT), has in part influenced and sometimes even determined society, while it has shaped the technology at the same time. The on-going development and far-reaching diffusion of the electronic computers have had also another tremendous impact on management as well as society on the whole. This paper examines the relationship between information and management in terms of technology and society, after explaining a brief history of ICT, although the concept of information was not fully recognized until the invention of electronic computers in the mid-twentieth century. Next, it proposes the importance of implementing the ICT for not only the business systems but also for the government and civic systems to bring about the new public space, with the assumption that the dominant design of the modern ICT innovations has appeared around the twenty first century as the features of Internet, which can be a match for the invention of the steam locomotives in the Industrial Revolution.

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Since foundation of the Japan Society for the Study of Office Automation in 1979, the concept of office has widely changed. Having this recognition at the base of investigation, this paper presents the author's current view of information-and-management, and proposes some important aspects to be addressed in information-and-management research. The aspects are undividedness of information and business management, information-and-management as an artificial, information-and-management view of information systems technology. These aspects is not intended to cover the whole area of information-and-management study. We do not assume that the whole study area can be designed now. However, the author assume that the information-and-management study looks information and business management as an undevided unity, and targets at clearing the nature of rapidly and widely changing information-and-management.

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The rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) has made it possible to develop information systems which provide flexible computing ability for business organisations. Due to the improvement of communication infrastructure and the spread of the Internet, activities of business organisations supported by ICT-based information systems have exerted considerable influence on a wide range of stakeholders. Therefore, business organisations, as members of society, have to take their social responsibility concerning development and use of ICT-based information systems often in a situation in which conflict between values exists. In particular, they need to address the following problems with integrity to make development and use of ICT-based information systems socially acceptable : assurance of quality of information systems, assurance of data quality, preventive control of unintended consequences of information system use, ensuring of information security and handling of conflict in the global business environment.

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Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) has become one of the most popular research fields in Organizational Behaviors. However, little research has focused on the relationship between OCB and information technology (IT) so far although lots of researchers have revealed empirically or conceptually the effect of IT on many factors that could influence OCB as antecedents. This study will try to establish an introductory framework necessary for investigating this relationship by exemplifying possible impacts of IT on OCB information workers and OCB in virtual teams. Several implications for future research will also be discussed.

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This paper reviews, while looking back the era when computer was first introduced for business use, the transition of the information systems focusing on management, by employing "General stage model of information systems", based on the development of the information technology. Specifically, we trace back how the information systems in an enterprise as well as a local government have transformed over the years, and make a comparative analysis of the systems in both entities to reveal the similarities and differences between them. As it is foreseen that both of their systems will be incorporated into the social information systems as subsystems, this paper adresses what roles these systems in both enterprises and local governments should assume and how they should be coordinated with each other in order for them to develop in a compatible way.

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The management of organization is an indispensable element for effective IT investment. The literature abounds in such conclusions that are opposed to technology-oriented informatics. However, we can arrive at the same conclusions from different analytical approaches. One approach is to conduct a quantitative examination of general law in order to maximize performance ; the other approach is to carry out a qualitative exploration of complex causal paths of emergent changes that depend on the practical usages of IT in organizations. In this paper, I employ the "numerical monograph" to explore a causal path along with using electronic patient records in the Tokyo Metropolitan Hospitals ; in other words, I conduct the exploration by using quantitative data.

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Recently, a large number of firms outsource their information technology and systems. In general, there are two types of IS outsourcing : (1) a contract with a vendor and (2) setting up their own IS subsidiary. Especially, IS outsourcing by developing their own IS subsidiary is often adopted in the largest firms in Japan. However, the diversification of the arrangement of IS subsidiary is widely seen. In this paper, the current state of IS outsourcing is analyzed the first. Second, we apply two theoretical perspectives to explain the nature of IS outsourcing phenomenon, namely, transaction cost theory (TCT) and the resource-based view (RBV). Third, this paper presents a case study that analyzes some of the determinants that influence the decision making whether firms are increasing, decreasing, or keeping their current IS outsourcing level. And, implications of the study are discussed finally.

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We conducted a questionnaire survey in 2005 to investigate the level of IT education in high schools in Japan. The questionnaire asked high school teachers how they evaluate the PC skills of students. Our quantitative analysis reveals that students have certain level of skills to use PCs, but they don't have enough knowledge of Internet and security, and to live in advanced information society. We confirmed some hypotheses. The first is that students in vocational education classes have better skills for PCs than students in general education classes. The second is that skill level varies more for students in vocational education classes than students in general education classes.

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The risk assessment is the basis of information systems audit. In risk assessment, we need to assess various kinds of risks that could not be assessed by numeric. Therefore the auditors assess risks by their experiences and/or intuition. The auditing is getting more important by J-SOX and Japanese Commercial Law, and then the objectivity and transparency of audit are indispensable issues. However, the studies of such the risk assessment are not enough. This paper proposes a new approach for evaluating the risks in the audit process. The approach is based on AHP which is a powerful tool to make decisions. We also show the efficiency of the approach in an actual process.

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