Blockchain technology was first introduced as the technology behind the decentralized virtual currency, but there is the expectation that its characteristics of data transfer could make other applications possible. The goal of this paper is to define the three layers of Blockchain economy: (1) code layer guarantees the accurate and irreversible data with the distribution of virtual currency, (2) business protocol layer enables the smart contract as an autonomous machine, and (3) regulation layer ensures the enforcement of contract. This paper analyzes the inseparability of three layers in order to maximize the potential of Blockchain based economy.

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This paper discusses the potential impact of ontology and model-driven architecture on decentralized ledger technology. It argues that an ontology-aware model-driven architecture approach could facilitate interoperability between blockchains and help build more resilient economic networks. More precisely, this paper advances the idea of an implementation of the resource-event-agent (REA) ontology in the MERODE model-driven design environment as an approach to develop blockchains for open value networks. In addition, this paper lists four potential application domains of such a REA-MERODE blockchain. First, it discusses how this approach could benefit the sharing economy. Second, it considers the potential impact on collaboratives of independent workers. Third, it examines the potential benefits of this approach to wood traceability, and fourth and finally, the potential benefits to vaccine traceability.

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Blockchain is expected to be applied in many fields. However, there are still few cases of implementation. In this paper, I considered why blockchain is not widespread. I considered the strengths and weaknesses of blockchain from the features of hash functions. Blockchain is said to have excellent integrity and availability, but what are its weaknesses? I considered whether the integrity and availability of the blockchain were at a satisfactory level when viewed as a business system. Finally, I described why business owners are reluctant to implement blockchain. Interest in the blockchain itself is high, but it is considered difficult to use as a business system.

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This paper shows critical points of consideration regarding the adoption of blockchain technology (DLT; Distributed Ledger Technology) in enterprise IT systems, beyond just financial services, based on selected trials in the Japanese financial services industry. After reviewing the history of blockchain initiatives in the Japanese services industry, this paper describes selected proof-of-concepts and experiments by Japanese financial institutions focusing on four main themes; in-house coin, interbank transfer, know-your-customer (KYC), and global trade. We discuss the background of the shift in interest from Bitcoin remittances to private-blockchains and the similarities between the trust point (Oracle) in DLT and the functions provided by financial institutions.

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“Blockchain (BC) is more than just the technology behind Bitcoin,” said a prominent researcher who leads research and practice on BC. It is not just such a virtual currency, but a programmable blockchain network. And it could be used in transaction processing settings, such as accounting, supply chain, value network and other settings. However, the information potentiality of BC could be low to analyze business process situation and make decisions swiftly and appropriately, if a BC based information system operates independently with other current mission-critical system, and/or customer relationship management in each firm. From the viewpoint of the organizational cybernetics, this paper discusses how should be realized intra and inter organizational information systems in VN. Especially, “three-layer structure” is proposed,

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Working from home has hardly taken root in Japan. However, emergency declaration against COVID-19 forced many workers to work from home. Several surveys have examined the “productivity” of those workers, but the results have varied. This paper examines and analyzes 567 samples of workers who worked from home during the emergency declaration, and investigation the situation and related factors of “subjective productivity”, which is the self-assessment of productivity of working from home. Age, presence of children, and readiness for working from home were found to be related to subjective productivity. The frequency of working from home after the state of emergency was lifted, as well as desire and possibility, were found to be related to subjective productivity.

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