The literacy of the persons concerned to the Chichibu Rebellion in Meiji 17(1884)was noted for the purpose of analyzing the history of early modern library in Japan.This analysis clarified the followings:The majority of "people"in the Chichibu area and its surrounding areas did not have literacy.However, among such "people", the influential persons in towns and villages was the group of the highest literacy, and this was followed by the groups of similar literacy level;authorized members of the Liberal Party, unauthorized members of the Liberal Party, and core members of the Poor People's Party.When examined on the time series basis, there was no change in the literacy from around the middle of Bunka era(1810's)to the middle of Meiji 10's(1880's), and this means that the temple school and modern public education only contributed to the maintenance of present situation of the literacy.Since the character was not universally useful in that area, it is considered that, except the influential persons having higher literacy in towns and villages, "people"are the beings who can hardly generate interest in the nation through the printed media such as newspaper, magazine and books, journalism and library, hence their national integration is difficult.

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The purpose of the paper is to review previous works on statistical approach to automatic classification and automatic indexing, and to examine the characteristics of each method.First, an outline of automatic classification and indexing in the filed of library and information science is discussed, and we make it clear that automatic classification and indexing have a close relationship from a methodological view.Next, most of methods for automatic classification and indexing are reduced to a simple linear form, which is a summation of degrees of relationship between terms in title or abstract of each document and classification number(or descriptor), with weight of each terms within the document.Finally, each method of automatic classification and indexing is characterized by examining how the method estimates the degree of relationship and the weight of terms in title or abstract of the document.

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In the construction and use of a bibliographic database, authority control is indispensable for maintaining uniform headings of authors and subjects, preventing duplicate records, and performing high-recall searches.Authority control requires authority files containing authority records.Some author-name authority files have been constructed through international cooperation.We reviewed the trends toward such cooperative efforts in Europe and North America, such as NACO(Name Authority Cooperative)Program, the AAAF(Anglo-American Authority File)Project, and Project AUTHOR.We also surveyed the trend toward standardization of authority files for international sharing, such as improvements in MARC formats for authority data in North America and the IFLA's activities concerning authority work.

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