This study aims to understand the learning needs of working people and identifies ways to promote learning among them in library settings through social marketing.

　The research method consisted of designing a “Behavioral Change Stage Model” that applies the behavioral science theory to learning and consequently conducting an internet survey on learning among working adults. The survey period was October 2020, and the participants were 900 working adults aged between 20 and 40 years, living in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

　The survey found that barriers existed between the indifference and interest periods in the process of behavioral change until learning occurred. Moreover, it was found that the factor inhibiting learning is annual income rather than time, and the factor that promotes learning is a positive working style that includes envisioning future lifestyles. Based on the results of this study, we can execute social marketing strategies in public libraries as interventions to promote behavioral changes conducive to learning.

　As the education and research environment changes, the roles and functions required of university libraries are also changing. New facilities, equipment, and services are required for the new role of libraries, but there are disparities in the status of support for new facilities and services depending on the type (national, public, or private) and the size of the university. The purpose of this study is to identify the actual situation in the development status of active learning spaces (ALS), recently introduced in university libraries to support active learning of users and to explore the factors behind the disparities. Based on the analysis of data obtained from the Science Information Infrastructure Statistics of Colleges and Universities, we confirmed that the status of ALS installation in libraries of public universities and small universities is lower than that of national universities. Based on the finding, we analyzed reports related to ALS installation of libraries in public universities obtained from the newsletters of Japan Association of Public University Libraries. Furthermore, we conducted an interview survey with the libraries of four public universities of different size. The results indicates that the public university libraries are under the midst of difficult situation where budgets and human resources are constantly reduced. The results of this study will provide clues for planning the future of academic libraries, particularly of public universities.

　The purpose of this paper is to clarify the educational theory of Walter Hofmann, who is famous for his advocacy of closed stack system popular libraries in Weimar Germany.

　As a result of examining Hofmann's theory of education, it was found that he had a sense of crisis against the contemporary urbanization and industrialization of Germany, and that he regarded a space isolated from the outside and culture goods as necessary in order to educate the people as “Volk”.

　This educational theory was linked to the practice of closed stack libraries. In a closed stack library, books that Hofmann considered to be good books were held, and librarians were required to know about their users through dialogue and reader's cards. However, this practice had the risk of falling into an educational practice that did not recognize the initiative of the educated.