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Article type: Cover
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Cover1-
Published: March 25, 1998
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Article type: Appendix
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App1-
Published: March 25, 1998
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Article type: Index
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Toc1-
Published: March 25, 1998
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Article type: Index
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Published: March 25, 1998
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Kazuo SUZUKI, Shinya MATSUMOTO, Shoji SHINGO, Chihiro WAKE
Article type: Article
Pages
1-11
Published: March 25, 1998
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The vehicle based on WIG (Win In Ground effect) is expected and investigated as one of the future high speed vessels on seaway. In this paper, the shape optimization problem of 2dimensional WIG is discussed as a fundamental study with respect to WIG. For this purpose, the panel method is used for the fluid flow analysis around WIG and the nonlinear programming is used as the optimization method. Numerical examples are shown for several optimization problems. Experimental verifications are also shown by using a devised test method of WIG for a small wind tunnel.
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Kyung-Duk PARK, Kazuo SUZUKI, Hisashi KAI
Article type: Article
Pages
13-20
Published: March 25, 1998
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Lifting bodies such as hydrofoils, fins and so on, are generally attached to recent high-speed crafts to reduce the wave-making resistance and wetted surface area. Because of these complex shapes, it becomes very difficult to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of high-speed craft. It can be, however, treated as a potential problem using PAFS (Panel method Applied to Free Surface flow), in which Morino's panel method for the lifting body analysis is applied to the free surface problem. In the present study, some numerical calculations are testified to evaluate the effectiveness of PAFS with nonlifting bodies such as Wigley and Series 60 hull forms, and lifting bodies such as Wigley hull with hydrofoil and submerged body with hydrofoil.
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Toshio ARAKI, Jiro NIINA, Yoshiho IKEDA, Koji OTSUKA
Article type: Article
Pages
21-26
Published: March 25, 1998
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An experimental system to measure the effect of suction by waterjet propulsion of high speed planing craft on hydrodynamic forces acting on the hull is developed. Using the system the hydrodynamic forces acting on a captured model at Froude number up to 6.0 are measured. The measured results show that the effect of the water flow through the duct of a waterjet propulsion on the hydrodynamic forces on the hull is significant even when the pump does not work, and that it can change the attitude and the resistance. It is found that the increase of the suction by increasing the revolution of the pump causes the decrease of the drag and lift forces acting on the hull.
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Yusuke TAHARA, Yoji HIMENO
Article type: Article
Pages
27-35
Published: March 25, 1998
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This paper presents a study on form optimization problem of two-dimensional wing section, with main focus placed on improvement of lift-to-drag ratio at a given angle of attack. The fully-elliptic Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and continuity equations are solved with zero-equation turbulence model in order to compute lift and drag forces acting on the body, using a regular grid, finite-analytic discretization, and a PISO-type velocity-pressure coupling algorithm. An overview is given of the present numerical approach, and results are presented for modification of NACA0012 wing section, including discussions regarding influence of type of form modification function and number of design parameters on optimized solutions. In addition, relative computational performance is compared between two nonlinear programming algorithms, i.e., successive linear programming (SLP) and successive quadratic programming (SQP).
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Ritsuo SHIGEHIRO, Kohei UEDA, Hiroshi NAKAYAMA
Article type: Article
Pages
37-44
Published: March 25, 1998
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The high-speed-towed fish preserve is a new type vessel about 15.6m long with a fish preserve capacity of 200m^3. The vessel is supposed to be towed efficiently with a lighter draft (about 0.8m) at a maximum speed of about 10 knots (F_n= 0.42). A great deal of effort has been made on the course stability for the towed-vessel, what seems to be lacking, however, is a control method of the course stability. This paper is intended as an investigation of the control method for a course stability of the towed-vessel. We conducted the free running model experiments in a bay. Model experiments were conducted using a 1/12^<th> scale(1.3m) model. Also we performed the simulation studies to investigate the course stability for our control method. The results of experiments were used for validating our simulation studies. The results of our experiments and simulations sudies are described and discussed.
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Shotaro UTO, Shumei NARITA
Article type: Article
Pages
45-50
Published: March 25, 1998
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To obtain a full understanding of icebreaker propulsive performance, full-scale and model experiments in ice were carried out for the icebreaker PLH "SOYA". A full-scale ice trial was made in February 1997 in the Sea of Okhotsk. A speed trial was carried out with a stopping and a bollard-pull test. Shaft thrust and torque were measured using strain gauges mounted to the propeller shaft. In this paper the accuracy of full-scale thrust measurement was investigated from various aspects. Firstly, the cross coupling effect of the shaft torsional strains to the compressive strains were evaluated. Secondly, in order to improve the accuracy of thrust measurement, thrust at zero CPP blade angle in a stopping test was used as its zero-level. Thirdly, repeatability of the thrust measurement was examined using the data of bollard-pull tests. The scatter range of thrust was found withwin 20kN. Finally, thrust data was compared with the medel-prediction result. Model resistance tests in ice were carried out at the Ice Model Basin of the Ship Research Institute. The regression model for the model resistance in ice was presented. The thrust deduction factor was estimated from the model overload test in open water. A fairly good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted thrust.
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Koji MAKINO, Mitsuyasu NAGAHAMA
Article type: Article
Pages
51-56
Published: March 25, 1998
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This paper presents a numerical method to design a caviatation-free hydrofoil section of a high-speed vessel. Minimum pressure on wing surface has a close relation to occurrence of cavitation. So minimum pressure is included as a constrains or an objective function in optimization problems for getting a hydrofoil section which has a good cavitation performance. These problems are solved by using Feasible Direction Method, a kind of nonlinear programming method, and B-spline function expresses movement of a wing section. CFD is applied for the evaluation of hydrodynamic forces and pressure values. A design problem for optimizing lift-to drag with constraints of minimum pressure on wing surface, and a one for optimizing minimum pressure with constraints of lift coefficient are solved by the present method. And these results show that the present method is useful for optimum design of a hydrofoil section which avoids cavitation.
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Shigeru NAITO, Kenji TAKAGISHI
Article type: Article
Pages
57-68
Published: March 25, 1998
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In this paper authors propose a practical method to estimate the time mean behavior of large full ships in the sea. The method includes the effects of wind and waves and considers the engine characteristics. In the sea, there are disturbing external forces acting on full large ships like the added resistance, the lateral force and the turning moment. Those forces can be treated as the steady forces. Also the hydrodynamic forces caused by the hull, the rudder and the propeller can be treated as the steady forces. With those forces and by considering the equilibrium of the engine and propeller torque, we can set up four equilibrium equations among hull, propeller, rudder and engine. Regarding the speed, the drift angle, the encounter rudder angle and the propeller revolution number in the equations as unknown variables, we can obtain those time mean values of the ship in the sea by solving the equilibrium equations mentioned above with an iteration method. As the results the time mean behavior of the ships in the sea can be estimated.
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Masaru TSUJIMOTO, Shigeru NAITO
Article type: Article
Pages
69-78
Published: March 25, 1998
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Ships reduce their performance in actual seas caused by natural forces, aging deterioration and biological fouling. The speed loss, which is one of the important index of their performance, is already described in the last paper using probabilistic method. In this continuation, this paper also describes the performance of the fuel oil consumption and the main engine power using the probabilistic method. Thereafter performance evaluation of ships is attempted. From a probabilistic point view, the desirable performance evaluation is proposed.
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Keiichi KARASUNO, Koji NONAKA, Kazuyoshi MAEKAWA, Kenichi AKIMOTO
Article type: Article
Pages
79-85
Published: March 25, 1998
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The added mass coefficients of ships are very important to analyze hydrodynamic forces and also simulate maneuvering motion of ships. Motora carried out the experiments to measure the added masses m_x, m_y and etc. using great numbers of ship forms with conventioal types except block type ships (C_B=1.0). The added mass charts based on the experiments and arranged by Motora is well-known owing to its practicability for the ship design. In our previous investigation on hydrodynamic forces of some block type ships, which resemble very large floating structures and their elements in recent years, our examination of estimating the added masses of the ships (C_B=1.0) by Motora's charts confirmed that the accuracy was not enough by means of extrapolating the curves on the chart because the block type ship is particular from and is outside of the scope. This paper presents a quick chart arranged with a new parameter to estimate the added massed m_x, m_y of floating structures with block types, derived from carring out the constant accelerating test and potential calculation to obtain the hydrodynamic forces of the structures (C_B=1.0)
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Tsugukiyo HIRAYAMA, Campos Marcos de Parahyba
Article type: Article
Pages
87-95
Published: March 25, 1998
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The fact that the next America's Cup will Be held at New Zealand, with its rough sea condition will require a strong research in the added resistance in waves. An experimental procedure and equipment that allow the model to be experimented as close as possible to its acutual sailing condition will result in accurate data and a winner design. Firstly, the free running technique is developed in this article to obtain the results in still water and tried to figure out the ap plicability of this technique in waves for the upright and yawed conditions. The result for even keel are in good agreement with semi-empirical results found in the references. The results in running condition show a good trend but for obtaining quantitatively good results, further improvement will be needed.
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Koichi KUDE, Yoshiho IKEDA
Article type: Article
Pages
97-104
Published: March 25, 1998
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The authors measured ship motions and the vomiting ratio of passengers on a cruise ship in three months voyage and on a small ship in short voyage. The results demonstrate that it is possible to estimate the vomiting ratio in fairly good accuracy by the authors' estimation method on the bases of O'Hanlon's experimental data. In the measured data of the small ship, it is observed that the period of rolling is twice as long as that of encounter in following and head seas. Using a numerical simulation using the database of restoring moment varying in wave, the occurrence of parametric resonance is confirmed numerically.
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Yoshiho IKEDA, Toru KATAYAMA, Shin-ichirou TAJIMA
Article type: Article
Pages
105-110
Published: March 25, 1998
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The measured heave and roll dampings of high-speed planning craft by forced oscillation experiments demonstrate that the predicted dampings singnificantly underestimate the experimental ones. These may be because the effect of the vertical lift force acting on the craft on these dampings is not taken into account in the prediction methods. Methods to predict the contributions of the vertical lift coefficient of a craft running in steady speed which depends on time and rise of it, the roll, the heave and the coupling damping from heave to pitch can be predicted by the methods. It is confirmed that predicted results are in fairly good agreement with measured ones.
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Toshihiko FUNAKI, Shigehiro HAYASHI, Fumitaka FUJIKAWA, Masayoshi AMAN ...
Article type: Article
Pages
111-117
Published: March 25, 1998
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We can not watch the structural vibration, because the order of vibrational amplitude is much smaller than the structural dimensions and the vibrational velocity is very fast. Then it is necessary to develop the software with which we can watch the structural vibration mode. In addition, if it is possible to watch the mode by using unmeasured points, such software becomes very convenient tool for us. Authors developed such software which is including a new function for the animation of vibration mode. This function is that, the frequency response of unmeasured points are calculated with the rotation vector of a measured point. The rotation vector is estimated by using some experimental data of measured points. In this paper, the validity of this method is verified by the application examples of a beam, a plate and a model ship.
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Toshihiko FUNAKI, Shigehiro HAYASHI, Naruyoshi IZUMI
Article type: Article
Pages
119-129
Published: March 25, 1998
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If we try to modify the structure for the purpose of reducing vibration level, not only a specific vibration level but also other vibration level which is affected by that modification should be estimated. Such estimation becomes necessary because vibration level has complex contradictory performances. Therefore, it is hoped to develop a system which is able to find the most suitable way of modification while the contradictory performances of vibration level are accurately predicted. In this paper, we construct an optimization system for vibration level by using the satisficing trade-off method and sensitivity analysis at the peak frequency. By using the satisficing trade-off method, one of multiobjective linear programming methods, we can obtain the most suitable vibration level targeting plural vibration phenomena, under careful consideration for the contradictory performances of vibration level, and can compose a system easy for designers to use. By using the sensitivity analysis at the peak frequency, we can calculate the accurate sensitivity of vibration level. Finally, the validity of this optimization system for vibration level is verified by applying some optimal designs to a simple mass-spring model.
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Yasumi TOYAMA, Tomoko AKASHI
Article type: Article
Pages
131-136
Published: March 25, 1998
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A numerical method based on finite element or boundary element modeling is applied to the problem of internal pressure variation of fluid cargo induced by ship motions, assuming incompressive fluid and rigid tank walls. In cases of full loaded tanks subjected to the motion in translation, there have been two different methods proposed for the prediction of pressure so far. In this paper it is shown that a condition should be added to the boundary-value problem, which requires the pressure amplitude be zero at the center of the tank volume. The condition yields anti-symmetric pressure distribution for a rectangular tank in sway motion as shown method B in Fig. 1. The effect of small free surface in an air pipe of the full loaded tank is also investigated. Calculated pressure distributions are found to be similar to those for the tank without air pipe provided a constant value is shifted from all pressure amplitudes.
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Koji MASAOKA, Noriyasu YOSHIOKA, Hiroo OKADA, Yukio UEDA
Article type: Article
Pages
137-143
Published: March 25, 1998
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In order to investigate the collapse behavior of ship structural elements, it is important to determine the boundary conditions of the plate panels. The strength of the panels constituting thin walled structures like ships have to be evaluated by considering the continuity between neighboring panels as the boundary condition. And it is possible to examine the load carrying capacity within the post-ultimate strength region accurately by taking into account the continuous boundary conditions using finite element method. In this paper, the behavior of the post-ultimate strength of the rectangular panels subjected to in-plane combined loads is examined by using in-plane and rotational continuous models along edges of a panel.
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Kohei MATSUMOTO, Toshiimasa SAITOH
Article type: Article
Pages
145-152
Published: March 25, 1998
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Vibration analysis methods which are applied to present ship design can be usually calssified into four groups, those are empirical formulas, methods by simple analytical models, 3 Dimensional Finite Element Method and Database method. In the advanced vibration design method which was proposed in the first report, Database method plays an important role. In the second report, we describe Database method and its application and discuss vibration analysis by Database method, especially concerning to validity. An example of build-up of actual Database for ship vibration was introduced. Standard error of trendlines derived from reggesion analysis and acuracy of estimated natural frequency were investigated for different selection of data group and vibration variable. By choosing proper combination of data group and vibration variable, 2-node vertical natural frequency by Database method was found to show within 5 percent accuracy that is comparable to that by 3d Finite Element Method.
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Hiroshi KAWABE, Shigeyuki HIBI, Hiroshi SASAJIMA, Kengo TAKAHASHI, Hir ...
Article type: Article
Pages
153-162
Published: March 25, 1998
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In case of considering fatigue strength of ship structure S-N curves are fundamental factor. And stress concentration is also a important factor related to them. We here assume plates with a hole under tensile loading and examine stress concentration. We first introduce a optimized hole with the minimum stress concentration ration according to Mano's theory. Next we approximate the hole by straight lines and ellipsis. Plates with the approximated hole has enough low stress concentration ratio. The effect of this hole is also evalueted through bending problems. Its characteristics are shown through tensile and bending fatigue tests as compared with conventional holes.
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Yasumitsu TOMITA, Kiyoshi HASHIMOTO, Naoki OSAWA, Taisuke MIYAZONO, Da ...
Article type: Article
Pages
163-172
Published: March 25, 1998
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The amount of accumulated shear strain and non-reversible slip can be used as the parameters which represent a process of crack initiation. If we can investigate the relationship between macroscopic loading conditions and the development of such microscopic parameters, it can be possible to improve the prediction method of crack initiation life. Such investigation can be performed by crystalline FEM analysis. In the previous papers, the authors has developed a crystalline FEM code which can analyze cyclic plastic deformation behavior of f.c.c. crystals, and showed that the avobe microscopic parameters can be calculated. It is considered that the material instability called 'strain burst' affect the process of crack initiation. So, we have to investigate the deformation behavior on the occurrence of such material instability. However, because the time integration is performed by tangent modulus method in the code, we often cannot continue calculation because the residual force does not disappear. In this report, we modify the FEM code by iteration method, and make it capable of calculating the deformation behavior on the occurrence of 'strain burst'.
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Yasumitsu TOMITA, Kiyoshi HASHIMOTO, Naoki OSAWA, Tomoyoshi TANIDA, Yo ...
Article type: Article
Pages
173-179
Published: March 25, 1998
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In order to fair up surfaces on superstructure of ships, gas heating method is mainly applied. Such fairing prosesses have been dependent on skilled worker's hand-working based on mainly experience. Because skilled workers have recently been decreased, it has become necessary to systematize their knowledge. In this paper, an expert system of fairing work by gas heating is developed. By interviewing skillful workers to construct production rules, an expert system is built on "Nexpert Object", which is a knowledge base development system. It is easy to maintain rules of the system, and the system has user-friendly interfaces. Through an application of system to actual fairing work in a shipyard, the validity of the system is examined.
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Yasumitsu TOMITA, Kiyoshi HASHIMOTO, Naoki OSAWA, Nobutaka SHINKAI, Jy ...
Article type: Article
Pages
181-187
Published: March 25, 1998
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The nature of physical phenomena which happen during the process of plate bending by line-heating have to be elucidated in order to make it possible to decide the procedure of line-heating without skilled workers. Among of the phenomena, the relationship between the heating conditions and the amount of heat transfer into the steel plate is not clarified. It is supposed that such relationship can be clarified by numerical heat transfer and fluid flow analysis, but it is difficult to establish the formalization of the heat-transfer coefficient. In this paper, spot-heating tests using acetylene gas and numerical analysis on heat transfer and fluid flow are performed, and a propitiate formalization of the heat-transfer coefficient for the analysis of line-heating process is found. From the results of numerical analysis, the characteristics of heat transfer between heating gas and the steel plate is investigated.
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Makoto ARAI, Kazushige OKAZAKI
Article type: Article
Pages
189-195
Published: March 25, 1998
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This paper describes a new skid-launching system of free-fall lifeboats. In a conventional free-fall lifeboat system, a set of guide rails on port and starboard sides of the boat touch the rails of a skid arrangement. Thus a forward motion is given to the lifeboat during the boat glides on the skid. In the system, when the center of gravity of the boat passes the edge of the skid, a reaction force and the weight of the boat form a couple. Rotating motion (i.e., pitching) is exerted to the boat by this couple. The boat holds the same rotating rate while it falls freely through the air until it comes into contact with the sea surface. Therefor, if a fall height increases, water entry angle of the boat increases as well, and the entry angle has a tendency to come close to a right angle (i.e., vertical entry). This may cause a very dangerous situation by the effect of extreme buoyancy that makes the boat to run backward or even to stumble on the water surface. In this paper, therefore, a new double-skid launching system is proposed. By this system, rotation of the boat does not occur at the edge of the skid with a simple combination of the launching rails and the guiding apparatus of the boat. A series of performance simulations of the conventional system and the proposed one is carried out by using the numerical simualation method of free-fall lifeboats that the authors have developed. Experiments that utilize a small lifeboat model are also conducted. From the analysis of the numerical simualations and model experiments, the superiority of the proposed system in the boat motion is shown.
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Yasushi HIGO, Daisuke ISHIHARA
Article type: Article
Pages
197-203
Published: March 25, 1998
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This paper is presenting a reasonable numerical calculation method of seismic wave propagation in two-layered medium. The hydrodynamic pressure caused by seaquake is analyzed numerically and its dynamic effects on the floating structure is investigated. In order to obtain the solution of the seismic wave field in two-layered medium, the eigen functions on the open boundary and the boundary integral equation are introduced. Furthermore, in order to understand the properties of the effect of the seaquakes on the two-dimensional floating structure, some typical calculations by using Boundary Integral Equation Method are carried out. Then the effect of seaquake forces acting on the two-dimensional floating structure is investigated from a view point of the structure safty.
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Satoshi MITARAI, Naoya UMEDA
Article type: Article
Pages
205-210
Published: March 25, 1998
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For model experiments of a ship model with forward velocity, it is desirable that directional irregular waves are stationary in space. By making use of wave measurement and numerical calculation, this paper examines homogeneousness of directional irregular waves generated by a signal calculated with a conventional double-summation method in a model basin where side-wall reflections are positively utilised. The measured results indicate that variance of water surface is not stationary in space. In theory, such non-homogeneousness can be caused by the double-summation method for the wave-making signal or side-wall reflections. The numerical calculation of a summation of many cosine waves realised similar non-homogeneousness that observed in the wave measurement. This numerical result indicates that the non-homogeneousness is mainly due to the double-summation method for the wave-making signal but not mainly due to the side-wall reflections.
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Koji OTSUKA, Naoki NAKATANI, Masayuki MIYACHI, Tkashi NAKANISHI, Naota ...
Article type: Article
Pages
211-219
Published: March 25, 1998
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It is known that an artificial lagoon has some functions of the water purification. The purpose of this study is to clarify the water purification mechanism of the artificial lagoon using an ecosystem modelling technique. An inner sea so-called "Uchiumi" in Rinku Park (near Kansai International Airport), which became the object of this study, forms an artificial lagoon. As the first step of this study, we investigated water and soil quality and organism of the artificial lagoon in Rinku Park. The results of these investigations suggested that the fixation of organic carbon and nutrient in the seawater is significantly affected by the biomass of algae. Algae also make good habitats for sessile organisms and nektons.
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Koji OTSUKA, Naoki NAKATANI, Masayuki MIYACHI, Takashi NAKANISHI, Naot ...
Article type: Article
Pages
221-234
Published: March 25, 1998
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It is known that an artificial lagoon has some functions of the water purification. The purpose of this study is to clarify the water purification mechanism of the artificial lagoon using an ecosystem modelling technique. In the second report, we developed an ecosystem model for an artificial lagoon with reference to the results of field investigations at the artificial lagoon in Rinku park, which were described in the first report. This model consists of a pelagic ecosystem model and a benthic ecosystem model including seaweed and sessile animals. The results of the numerical experiments showed that the model can well simulate the seasonal variations of measured water qualities and the biomass of seaweed and sessile animals.
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Article type: Appendix
Pages
App2-
Published: March 25, 1998
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Article type: Cover
Pages
Cover2-
Published: March 25, 1998
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