This paper observes morau and te-morau in the Edo period and reveals the process of the establishment of (1) and (2). (1) Adversative usage (2) (Sa)se-te-morau (a complex form of te-morau and auxiliary verb of causative) (1) has two patterns. One is "te-morau used in simple sentences", and another is "te-morau used in conditional clauses". The former was observed in the early Edo period, and the latter was observed in the latter part of the Edo period. Each appeared as one side of a change. Its change is a transformation from "pleading" to "receiving". In other words, it is whether the subject in a temorau sentence acts beforehand or not. This is thought to be as a result of weakening the meaning of "kou (ask)" in morau. (2) appears as one side of a phenomena of declining transitivity in a temorau enclitic verb. This is thought to be as a result of abstraction of the object in morau. In conclusion, this paper points out that the historical change of te-morau includes the transition that the causative usage changed into the passive usage.

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There have been numerous notation studies devoted to manuscripts with artistic elements so far. On the other hand, notation studies dealing with practical materials, such as information documents, have not witnessed much curiosity and interest. Thus, by extracting kana documents in Kamakura Ibun with special focus on the notation of "とん" we wish to reveal the practical realities of an amanuensis. "ん" in Kamakura Ibun, besides the notation of syllabic nasal/geminate consonants, is also used as a variant character for "モ." The use of "ん" as a variant of "モ" is limited to the character sequence of "とん" and it must be denoted in a joint writing so that "ん" can be interpreted as a variant of "モ." Furthermore, the joint writing sequence of "とん" does not necessarily have to correspond to the meaning of a word or phrase. This is referred to as a "fixed binding." "Fixed binding" occurs in other character sequences besides "とん"; it is regarded as a writing system from the Kamakura period, which is not influenced by the place of residence, gender, or social status of the amanuensis.

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