Based on a corpus of 13,610 phonologically different Japanese surnames and their Tokyo Japanese accentuations, this paper shows that the surnames can be classified into three types according to how the accentuation is determined. The accentuation of the unmarked majority (approx. 69%) is determined by the length of the word-final morpheme. About 25% of surnames are accented according to rules which refer to the segmental make-up of the phonological environment. The remaining 6% are irregular and must be considered to be underlyingly marked. As expected from being irregular, the irregular surnames tend to be commonly used names-half of the top ten Japanese surnames by frequency are irregular by the analysis of this paper; this figure drops to 11.6% for the top 500 surnames. A rarely occurring surname with a marked accentuation points to the accentuation being due to rule, and not an exception. In addition to giving the main segmental environments which give rise to the marked accentuation in Japanese surnames, this paper also gives the rule which accounts for the accentuation of names of temples ending in -zi with a preceding 3- or 4-mora constituent.

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The first edition of Ei-wa Taiyaku Shuchin Jisho (英和対訳袖珍辞書) in 1862 is well known as the first English-Japanese dictionary published in Japan. In previous studies, it has been said that the dictionary was compiled by translating Dutch words from H. Picard's A New Pocket Dictionary of the English and Dutch Languages (second edition 1857) into Japanese along with Oranda Jii (和蘭字彙), a 1855-58 Dutch-Japanese dictionary. Approximately 60-70% of Japanese words in Ei-wa Taiyaku Shuchin Jisho are the same as the words in Oranda Jii. In 2007, some parts of the draft of Ei-wa Taiyaku Shuchin Jisho consisting of 21 sheets were discovered, and a facsimile edition of these was published the same year. By analyzing the draft in detail, this study points out that those sheets were classified into groups according to their features. In addition, this paper clarifies that some Japanese words in Ei-wa Taiyaku Shuchin Jisho were translated not only from H. Picard's dictionary, but also from other English-Dutch dictionaries such as those published in the Netherlands by J. Holtrop, T. Hooiberg, and D. Bomhoff, as well as from P. Weiland's Dutch-Dutch dictionary.

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Throughout Japanese literary history, certain words have been used to designate certain days as lucky or unlucky. This article describes historical research on these words said to express good or bad fortune on calendar days in documents mainly from the first half of the Middle Ages (Kamakura Period) and examines examples appearing in works such as Takakurain-Itukusima-Gokouki, Kokontyomonju, Gukansyo, Harunomiyamazi, Kamakuraibun, and Enkyobonheikemonogatari. This research presents new findings related to the history of the Japanese language concentrating on the following four facts: First, in previous research, the author described the absence of the term hinami in the Insei Period. In this research, the author notes that reliable examples of the term hinami cannot be found in the documents of the Kamakura Period. Second, notwithstanding this absence of the term hinami, all conventional studies accept without ground the Chinese character notation "日次" in documents such as Kokontyomonju and Gukansyo as reading hinami. On this basis, a new understanding of documents from this period is absolutely necessary. Third, after the Kamakura Period there are many reliable examples of the term hituide meaning good or bad fortune calendar days appearing in various documents of the Heian Period such as the monogatari literary works, nikki literary works and setsuwa literatury works. However, my investigation demonstrates that all of these examples appear within the latter half of the Middle Ages. Fourth, by the middle of the Kamakura Period, the term higara is used to describe lucky and unlucky calendar days and this use continues although examples are few.

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