This paper aims to establish a stylistic typology of Heian–Kamakura-period literature through a cluster analysis of stylistic indicators of sentence connection (conjunctive adverbs, demonstratives, conjunctive particles, unmarked). Through this analysis, it was revealed that Heian–Kamakura-period literature can be divided into the following three stylistic categories: [1] conjunctive particle-heavy, in which a high ratio of conjunctive particles are used (e.g., Genji monogatari, Taketori monogatari); [2] conjunction-/demonstrative-heavy, in which a high ratio of conjunctions and demonstratives are used (e.g, Ōkagami, Ujishūi monogatari); and [3] unmarked, in which relatively few conjunctive expressions are used (e.g., Kagerō nikki, Tsurezuregusa). In addition, it was demonstrated that sentence connection plays an important role in creating the stylistic contrast found between native literature (wabun) and classical Chineseinfluenced literature (wakankonkōbun), and that wabun has a strong tendency towards the use of conjunctive particles. In this sense, the current study has shed light on the archetypical style of wabun.

In this paper we examine the characteristics and background factors of Japanese origin loanwords (JOL) in Yapese. This is done through a comparison with other languages of the pre-war Japanese south seas (Nan'yo) island colonies. Even prior to the Japanese administration, the current Yap State constituted a multilingual area, a situation which differs from other Nan'yo islands. Yap State had only a small Japanese population but due to multiple indigenous languages, Japanese was used as a lingua franca. Under these circumstances, the number of JOL paled in comparison to other languages, but a great percentage of these underwent semantic change. Japanese also demonstrated a strong influence phonologically as well. Against a background of commonalities seen in JOL throughout the Nan'yo regions, individual language characteristics also come into focus.