I clarified this study about the significance of the sports volunteer.

The summaries are as follows.

1) The sports contained a participant sports, a spectator sports, and sports for supporting.

2) The sports volunteer has a kind of the support of the athletic meet (event type) and the administration of the club (daily life type) and sports instruction (daily life type) and the support of person with a disability sports (event type , daily life type).

3) The significance of the sports volunteer is to function as a share principle for the sports by the competition principle. The athletic meet with the humanity can be realized by fusing with a competition principle and a share principle .

The purpose of this study was to analyze the criterion-referenced evaluation basis of Ushiro-ukemi movement skill of Judo in Health and Physical Education (HPE) of Junior High school by applying item response theory (IRT). Subjects were 105 college students of 56 major in PE and 49 general students. The data analysis procedures were as follows: a) analyzed qualitatively 15 Ushiro-ukemi movement skill test items; b) analyzed item and test characteristics of Ushiro-ukemi movement skill using IRT with the two parameter logistic model (2PLM), and estimated two parameters and ability; c) tested of validity of Ushiro-ukemi movement skill with physical ability; d) created the criterion-referenced evaluation basis of Ushiro-ukemi movement skill of Judo for Junior High HPE. The following findings were obtained. 1) The criterion-referenced evaluation basis of Ushiro-ukemi movement skill items for Junior High HPE had content validity. 2) Local independence, one-dimensionality and goodness of fit to 2PLM of the 15 items, and invariance of estimates of 2PLM were confirmed statistically. 3) Ushiro-ukemi movement skill test consisted of 15 items had validity and reliability. 4) It was inferred that Ushiro-ukemi movement skill was differ from physical ability measured by three physical performance tests. In conclusion, these findings indicated that the criterion-referenced evaluation basis of Ushiro-ukemi movement skill was enabled to apply as an instrument of the study note for Judo class in Junior High HPE.

In basketball, fast-break and early-offense are called “progressive plays" because the ball is continuously advanced from the back-court through the front-court to the basket. In a progressive play, the preceding play and situation are related to the subsequent play and situation. The plays are not necessarily chosen freely due to the former play or situation. Plays and situations that are related to each other and are frequently performed in sequence are referred to as nagare in Japanese. This study aimed to extract the factors of nagare in a fast-break-aiming play with statistical procedures. We observed and evaluated 658 plays considered either fast-break or early-offense plays. These plays took place during 12 games between the RF team and 6 other teams in the same bj League (Japanese Professional Basketball League) held in 2009 and 2010. A total of 17 items such as “How the opponent's ball was taken away," “The number of defensive players putting pressure on the ball man when taking the ball," “Distance (length) from the end line to the place where the ball was taken away," and so on were assessed. As categorical and continuous scales were mixed in the data, a correlation matrix was computed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, a contingency coefficient, and a correlation ratio, respectively. The correlation matrix was factored by principal factor solution and orthogonal normal varimax rotation.

As a result, the following four nagare factors explained 61.2% of the total variance: (1) the nagare factor deciding the offensive play pattern in the front-court depending on the speed of conveying the ball in the back-court, (2) the nagare factor deciding the ball-conveying situation and the success of the fast-break depending on the ball-taking situation, (3) the nagare factor deciding the speed of conveying the ball in the back-court depending on the number of offensive players, and (4) the nagare factor deciding the success of shooting depending on ball-taking area, play after ball-taking, and shooting area.

After removing spurious correlations using a partial correlation, five paths with substantial significant correlations were found as follows:

(1) “How the opponent's ball was taken away" → “The difference in the number of offensive and defensive players when the ball went through the center line" → “Whether the fast-break was successful or not";

(2) “Distance (length) from the end line to the place where the ball was taken away" → “The difference in the number of offensive and defensive players when the ball went through the center line" → “Whether the fast-break was successful or not";

(3) “The number of defensive players putting pressure on the ball man when taking the ball" → “The difference in the number of offensive and defensive players when the ball went through the center line" → “Whether the fast-break was successful or not";

(4) “Distance (length) from the end line to the place where the ball was taken away" → “The number of players conveying the ball" → “Whether the fast-break was successful or not"; and

(5) “Distance (width) from the side line to the place where the ball was taken away" → “The play just after the ball was taken away" → “The shooting area" → “Whether the shooting was successful or not."

The definition and terminology of Budo is a frequently discussed topic in the area of the science of Budo. In recent years, at the 2005, 2006 and 2007 congress of the Japanese Academy of Budo, a forum was opened with the title ‘Searching for a modern definition of Budo' and discussion continued along with topics like ‘what is the difference between Budo and competitive sports?', ‘what are foreigners looking for in Budo?'. On the other hand, as Sakai has pointed it out, basic research in the field of Budo must deal with the problem of ‘making it clear what terminology and how it was used in a given era'. He added, ‘as for the future, I hope for an unraveled general picture of what terminology, from what period, which way was in use', claiming the need for a clear understanding of terminology which could help in defining Budo and its cultural implications.

The necessity to clarify Budo terminology is connected to the problem of translation of Budo-related terms in the progress of internationalization. To translate Budo terminology properly, a thorough understanding of all the contents of its meaning is mandatory. We are convinced that an analysis of the terminology having been in use through the history of Budo would create the foundation for this work. Research on the examples of terminology in the history of Budo would greatly help people with different cultural backgrounds to comprehend these expressions, contributing to not to lose the real goals of Budo culture in this rapidly changing world.

Objectives of the research is as below,

1. ‌Concentrating on Kojiki, the oldest historical record in Japanese history, we analyze all occurrences of expressions connected to Budo, exploring the distribution of these expressions in the text.

2. ‌Especially in the case of sword-related terminology, clarification of context and tendencies of usage.

Our research produced the following results:

1. ‌We organized the Budo-related expressions in Kojiki, Japan's oldest book, into three categories: warriors, weapons (and their use) and general terms on warfare. We found that while there were no instances in the general terms category, 85 % of the terms fell into the category 'weapons'.

2. ‌We clarified how terms falling into the categories 'warriors' and 'weapons' are distributed in the three volumes of Kojiki. As an interesting result the fact can be cited that the term 'totsukatsurugi' appears only in the first volume about the age of gods, while the term 'tachi' can be found only in the second and third volumes.

3. ‌From its context it is clear that the term 'totsukatsurugi' was used to describe swords worn by the gods.

4. The term 'tachi' was used in connection with swords that came to earth from heaven.