The human body is the ontologically essential basis of life of human being, but it have been studied little in the west as a subject. In the latter half of the 20^th Century, philosophical anthropology began to examine human being, provided great insights into the uniqueness of human body. The human develops physically from being capable of only reflex actions to being capable of versatile movement. The fact suggests that the human being is something that can be developed under specific conditions, rather than something simply a priori. The body has been studied as the subject or natural science, however, the mechanism of transformation a naturally incompetent body into a physical entity with versatile capabilities could not be clarified because of the limit of natural science. Motor ability acquired in the newborn is not internal, only through external media that is "movement form." This movement form is independent of motor skills of individuals, and to be accumulative as a culture. Physical education promotes diversified human bodies by transforming physique into human bodies, which is only possible through the medium of different forms of movement accumulated through culture. The diversity in abilities of human body originates in the complex relationship between physical plasticity and forms of movement in a culture. The study of human movement is required interdisciplinary approach.

I think it is certain that "the concept of a double-edged sword" represents a part of cultural peculiarity in kendo (swordsmanship), which is one of the athletic cultures. I would like to refer this study to the area considered to be core of "concept of a double-edged sword." The core area that I mean is greatly pertinent to that the attribute of a double-edged sword is comprehended in the phase of oppositeness. In this thesis, I aim to grasp the phase of oppositeness described in the "concept of a double-edged sword," and to clarify the disclosed logic underneath it.

The points that have been cleared in this research are as follows;

1. The "concept of a double-edged sword" in the swordsmanship had been relevant with the phases of oppositeness, for instance in the relationship between heart and the body or he and myself.

2. Traditional Japanese "concept of a double-edged sword" that has been handed down from Ancient times is represented by Futsuno-Mitamano Tsurugi and Kusanagino Tsurugi. Antecedently, phases of oppositeness called celestial sphere and terrestrial sphere existed and the deity of these two swords originated in the notion of integrating these phases of oppositeness.

3. Considering the Chinese concept of a double-edged sword, which is the origin of "the concept of a double-edged sword" in Japan, people in China were aware of the nature of transcendency which could integrate the phases of oppositeness. The oppositeness has been described in a notion represented by yin and yang, in which people thought two objects did not simply oppose each other, but they contrarily cooperated or collaborated mutually. This was the most fundamental view in ancient China, which meant every creature in the world existed opposing each other but mutually collaborating, to change, to rotate, and to recreate/decease. This view was called "Logic of Oppositeness." It is also called "logic of divination lore." The deity of a double-edged sword had developed with this logic in the background.

4. Taking it into the consideration, the notion of celestial and terrestrial sphere in the "Concept of a double-edged sword" that has been traditionally passed down from the ancient Japan, and the notion of heart and body, or he and myself in the swordsmanship characterize the relation of opposite status. It is manifest that "the logic of oppositeness" described in the Chinese thought exists latently in the bottom of "the concept of a double-edged sword" in Japan, though it is not as explicit as the logic of divination lore in China.

In our country the view of 'sin—sin—ichinyo' or 'mind-body just like as one' has been prevailing as the theory of body-mind relation in sciences of physical education. However it could not be denied that such traditional view contains clearly some logical mistakes and has substantially undermined the academic base for physical education. This paper aims to prepare for a new theory of body-mind relation. For this purpose this paper has put great emphasis on illuminating two important points: how gymnastike is bestowed its identity and necessity in a teleological sense as techne of the care for the human body, at the same time, how it is inevitably orientated toward the human soul. In order to make this consideration effective, the concept of the relation between the human body and the soul was tentatively introduced as a conceptual framework. So the effectiveness of this tentative framework was also verified.

In Gorgias Socrates reveals the natures of real techne in contrast with kolakeia (flattering) by means of elenchus proof. It is one of the fundamental principles of Plato's philosophy that the soul as a master should supervise the human body as a servant. Based on both this fundamental difference between the body and the soul, and the principle that each techne must have a clearly identified subject-mater of its own, gymnastike is defined as techne of the care for the human body.

Through grasping dynamically the conflicts between techne and kolakeia, identity and necessity of gymnastike has been made clear. Although Plato gives mere conditional necessity of means to gymnastike, its position and significance in the system of Plato's philosophy have enough steadiness and profundity to be able to reject lopsidedly labeling him the symbol of betrayal of the body.

The purpose of this study was to clarify characteristics obtained through similarities and differences in images of dance works awarded prizes at an international creative dance contest. The problems were solved through analyzing outer images measured by focusing on words relating to dance movements and inner images measured by focusing on adjective words in semantic space statistically. The results were given a supplementary explanation through using outlines of the matters of dance works on the program and the forms of the works on the VTR, which were evoked images.

Four dance works as prizewinners which were adjudicated by 18 judges and were accepted in "The 10th Saitama International Creative Dance Contest '99" at Saitama in Japan, were selected for this study. In order to measure dance images through a semantic differential method and analyze characteristics of the dance works, 31 scales for outer images and 46 scales for inner images were used. Multivariate statistical analysis procedures were applied to raw data gained from the results which 72 students responded to those scales for each of the dance works.

As the results, the following inferences were derived.

1.Similarities in the dance works

It was found that there were similarities in the four dance works, such as weak impressions in "simple step","transferring by a whole body" and "fluidity" as three dimensions out of 12 in outer images measured, strong impressions in "difficulty" as a dimension out of 8 in inner images measured and devices using various sound materials on the VTR. Especially, it was said in inner images that directions of "difficult feeling" and "beautiful feeling" were imaged commonly in high level's dance works. In addition, there were more similarities in two dance works by Japanese choreographers than those by other countries.

Therefore, it was suggested that similarities in the four dance works were found in outer images and inner images.

2 . Differences in the dance works

It was found that there were the most differences in "balance", "contact with floor" and "costume" as three dimensions out of 12 in outer images measured and in "lucidity" and "spatiality" as two dimensions out of 8 in inner images measured. More over, differences were found in the four dance works such as in titles, themes, compositions of sounds and movements, costumes and tools and sets through analyzing the program and the VTR.

Therefore, it was suggested that differences in the dance works were found in outer images and inner images. In addition to, there were more differences than similarities in the four dance works.

Hence, it is inferred that the characteristics of the dance works accepted at "The 10th International Creative Dance Contest '99" are clarified through analyzing outer images and inner images for dance works.

Little attention has been given to the point that stretch reflex responses, including the long latency component, are modulated by motor preparation on the basis of movement experiences. In this paper I would like to examine the effect of movement experiences on the ability for modulation of stretch reflex in wrist flexor. The subjects were 39 healthy males, comprising 10 sprinters, 10 long distance runners, 10 kendo players and 9 non-athletes. When the subjects felt a rapid angle displacement in the direction of wrist extension, that is a stretch stimulus to the wrist flexor, they were required to perform further extension movement as quickly as possible in extension reaction tasks. In non-action tasks, the subjects were required to refrain from making any voluntary movements to the same stretch stimulus applied to the flexor. A DC torque motor was used to give the stretch stimulus. The short and long latency components of the stretch reflex could be measured by averaging the rectified electromyogram recorded with surface electrodes over the wrist flexor. The main results were as follows: The stretch reflex activities, particularly the long latency component of the wrist flexor in extension reaction tasks decreased in comparison to that in non-action tasks for all subjects. The degree of decreased reflex activities in kendo group, sprinter group, long distance group and non-athlete group were larger in that order. Moreover, the significant correlation was observed between the degree of decrease in reflex activities and the length of electromyographic reaction time during the extension reaction movements. Therefore, it is concluded that the ability for stretch reflex modulation with the appropriate motor control is closely connected to good performance of reaction movements and the degree of stretch reflex modulation directly reflects the difference of movement experiences accumulated for a long time.

In this study, the play of children (from the first year of nursery school to the lower grades of elementary school) living in a suburban area was considered from the point of view of continuity. Specifically, the focus was upon "play items," "playmates," "play spaces," and "play time," and the status of these four factors were analyzed. Guardians numbering 525 persons, who were well aware of the children's daily circumstances, answered various questions relating to the children's play. As a result, the following points concerning the current situation have become clear.

(1) The regional identity (i. e. urban or suburban) of play items has disappeared, and play items are becoming homogenized and standardized.

(2) Traditional types of play are nearly extinct, having been replaced by enterprise-provided types of play.

(3) The number of playmates after nursery school or elementary school is commonly two.

(4) In terms of location, playing "inside the house" or "near the house is prominent, after nursery school or elementary school, and the tendency to play indoors is increasing.

(5) The time spent watching television exceeds that of playing outdoors or indoors.

Taking into consideration the importance of children's play to their physical / mental health, the above results show that sufficient time and environments conducive to children gathering together after nursery school or elementary school, and actively playing, appear to be lacking. Therefore, educational institutions such as nursery and elementary schools must fulfill their function as important "playgrounds." Furthermore, it is important that nursery staff and teachers be intentionally and actively involved in play, and communicate, by virtue of their experience, how fun it is to gather together and play, and how important and valuable it is to have contact with peers and friends.