Japan Society of Civil Engineers'“Civil Engineer' s Code of Ethics and Practice Rules” was formaly established in February, 1938. The development of its establis hment was analized. A origin of civil engineer in England & France was retraced. Typical Codes of Ethics and Conducts of foreign civil engineer' s societies were reviewed. In Japan, human view and thought have been brought about through deep veneration for the nature, aim in life and truth. I understand that these words in Europe are defined as “Philosophy” and “Ethics”. We, civil engineers shall explain and promote our aim in life, truth to retrieve our confidence.

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With the imminent effectuation of the WTO Government Procurement Agreement, the construction industry has started to restructure itself to be prepared for the 21st century by taking into consideration the government plan concerning the tenders for public works. In 1994, the Construction Business Act was revised; and in 1995, the proporsition of the Construction Industry Platform was made. Thus, we can say that, the environment surrounding the costruction industry is improving.
In the public works which manage and improve social capitals, it is necessary to devise a system where people, the end users, will have the most benefit, while those who give and take construction orders will each share in their proper roles. However, due to the severe shortage of technical officials (in-house engineers), especially in the local public bodies, and also due to complications in the administration system, there seem to be discrepancies of intention between those who give and receive orders. This paper is intended to reconsider the duty, the actual state of in-house engineers, and their present ploblems, in order to better serve the enforcement of future policy.

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Peoples living in developing countries are increasingly on the move looking for job opportunities, more income and more advanced life over the borders. Most of foreign workers are now illegally emproyed in Japan. Legal system for immigration in Japan was reviewed. Foreign workers' and trainees' situation was analized. Existence of illegal foreign workers will cause increasingly serious probrems such as sosial unrest, racial and class discrimination, unfairness, inequality and distrust among the peoples. Foreign general workers shall not be introduced in japan now. Their existence will be an obstacle to the structural change of industries in Japan and also did not improve difficult situation in their home countries. Technical training and transfar for foreign unskilled workers shall be promoted.

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In this study, as a cause of various problems in the Japanese construction industry, we focused on lot sizes of public works. The objectives of this study are to survey how the lot sizes of pulic works are determined, to examine how change of the lot sizes influences owners and contractors, and to make a proposal on desirable lot sizes of public works. As a first step to understanding influence of changing the lot sizes, we calculated how change of the lot sizes influence the indirect construction costs and the head office costs when the lot sizes of all public works are magnified. This calculation was done based on the cost estimation manual produced by the ministry of construction.

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Social and Economic Infrastructure Investments in Japan have been steadily accumulated, especially since post World War R. They may have not been brought up to the extent that European countries or USA have, but it is certainly said that such infrastructure development has contributed to build up national strength and to enrich our sociocultural activities as well as our life. Today our country is facing the society of high age which is not comparable to the other countries in the world and also the domestic industries are entering into the structually turning point. Taking these conditions into due recognition, it would be an essential process to review our past improvemnt of social and economic infrastructure so far made and its basic system in order to deal whit their future development. This paper was prepared in mind that the basic idea for future infrastructure could be based on this study in one sense. Therefore, the basic concept of infrastructure development, its changes and related legislative arrangements were compiled and then actual projects as concrete measures of infrastructure development in and out of Japan whit the fundamental needs, background, examples and the recent trends were introduced. Inaddition, this touched about the direction of new project development in Japan from now.

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Quality control and assurance in the contracting industry has a different basis from that of normal manufacturing industries.
The final product in the contracting industry must satisfy the custmer, no matter what kind of process has been employed during its production. Quality control and assurance in construction, which is the prime example of the contracting industry, is achieved by performing quality management at all stages of construction. This can not be achieved by merely inspecting the final product. Recently, the International Standard for quality system, the IS0-9000 series is being adapted as a condition for tender prequalification.
When establishing a quality system which adopts the concept of the International Standard, it became evident that there are quite a few items which need to be resolved, such as, how to relate the Stadard to the management characteristics of Japanese companies.
This study discusses such items, which we encountered through the process of adopting the requirements of the Standard into our own quality system, and identifies some problems which it is necessary to resolve.

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In cooperation with Japan Construction Information Center (JACIC), The Ministry of Construction is developmenting New Estimating System of Public Works based on client server system in order to carry out civil estimating works more smoothly and effectively, the New Estimating System which go well with ‘standardization of work item’(unification of the estimates composition etc.), The part of work items were carried out ‘trial’ in 1994.
The development purpose and contens etc. of this System were already reported So, on the report provides about; the trial effects, the structure and management method of each data (e.g.systematic data, standard data etc.) on New Estimating System of Public Works, and the supporting systems (e. g. Help System, Check System, Estimating Result Data Base System etc.) in the main estimating body.

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The objective of this study is to develope the comprehensive evaluation system for construction considering the influence of its process on the social and natural environment. Rationalization of construction system, influences of construction on the neighborhood of the site, and influences of used materials and machinery on global environment were considered in the evaluation system. After the application of the system to the evaluation of pier construction using various kinds of construction methods, it was found that the quantitative evaluation can be done comprehensively using the developed system.

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In the recent years, the construction industry is facing more competition due to the introduction ofreformed bid system and other changes in the market.
Although the industry is working harder to become more competitive, negative factors such as aging work force and inefficient structure of multiple layers of contracts are preventing improvement of productivity to reduce the cost.
On the other hand, performance and prices of computers and other information processing equipment are drastically improving these days. I think the construction industry is suited for adopting computer systems since it is the nature of the industry to produce one of a kind taylor made products sites at the field and each job requires flexible information processing system to handle different tasks in real time bases.
Therefore, the future of construction management system at the field should take more steps toward office automation using computers. However, it will not be efficient if each individual job sites decided to develop their own system and not sharing with others.
In this monograph, I would like to examine the past history of office automation at the field and it's future.

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This paper presents the results of empirical analysis of tasks imposed on on-site management system for tunnel construstion project. The analysis is carried out from the view-point to understand that development of soft-ware in on-site management considering “human” is very important as well as which has been hard-ware studied and developed actively in recent three years. Focussing on soft-ware development problem relating to human factors, safety-management problem is selected to be analized in this study. In this study, based on empirical information collected by questionnaire to many engineers being engaged and having engaged in actual tunelling project, actual problems in on-site safty-management works are analized. To solve those problems understood at above analysis and to attain desirable safety-management level, effective idea arealso obtained by above stated questionnaire. Finally a proposal is shown for education system for potential up of on-site safety management ability.

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The Tele-Earthwork System is able to remotely control unmanned heavy construction equipment, buldozers, power shovel, crawler dumptruck, rock breaker, mobile TV camera and mobile transmitter.
All the equipments operated from a control room located 2 kilometers away from dangerous construction sites, that was near by Mt. Fugen.

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Due to the decrease of the labour resulting in the unpopularity of the construction industry among the young engieers and aging of the skilled workers, robotization and automation have been developed and introduced into the construction industry. As one of the effective methods for excavating the tunnel in the hard rock, tunnel boring machine has been widely used and corresponding automating technologies have been advanced.
The authors have newly developed the auto-driving system of the tunnel boring machine so that it could run along the plannedline automatically using the jacks selected based upon the location of the machine. The validity of the system has been confirmed through the actual use in the tunnel construction project.

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In this study, two aspect of construction planning problem of large-scale earthmoving project in mountain area having been incresed recent ten years for the purpose of regional developement at local area for from metropolitan district is discussed forussing on cost analysis problem relating to efficiency of construction works by machine fleet in mountain area.
For the first aspect of construction problem the following is studied: Since workability or efficiency of machine fleet in mountain area depends on varance of lay of the land which is changing through construction process, analysis of machine works is implemented bassed on simulation analysis developed for this study.
For the second aspect of construction problem, the following is studied: It is very important to set transportation root between cutting area and banking area effectively according to the change of lay of land during construction process.
To obtain efficient soil transportation planning at mountain area, the planning system including transportationroot setting program is developed in this study utilizing simulation system of earthmoving work machine fleet planning.
Finallly empirical study appling two types of systems developed above is shown showing that these systems works well practically.

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In this study, a new type scheduling model called hybrid scheduling model combining system simulation model for actual construction implementation process under a certain construction planning and mathematical construction planning model for obtaining better solution of planning evaluating result from simulation model operation.
Appling this hybrid scheduling model to construction plannig of large-scale earthmoving project, it is confirmed that this model works well to obtain a desirable and practical construction planning of large-scale eathmoving project.

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Many research efforts have been made to develop procedures which would improves the effectiveness of cost and schedule control. CPM is a method to find the project schedule that minimizes the total project cost with deterministic value provided by the estimator. However, due to uncertainty inherent with time and cost estimations, current TCT models may not useful to real construction work. The problem, which lies with these factors, is that they can not be precisely defined. Still, they must be considered in the estimation process.
In this paper, to find out the desirable project schedule under the time-cost trade off, the inherent fuzziness in time and cost are expressed by two membership functions, which enables the managers to predict the possibility the reject in question will be executed within the estimated duration and cost. The process of calculations is illustrated on a small network. Finally, a system which provides the decision-maker with a practical tool to control cost and time much effectively is also concluded.

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In this study, first, we tried to identify the direct and indirect causes of an accident by directly asking those who had accidents about how accidents occurred. Additional field surveys were done on multi-layered subcontracting systems, sharings between a contractor and a subcontractor of cost, role, and resposibility with respect to safety management, and the flow of instruction and information on safety management. Based on results of these surveys, discussions were made on the relationship between the safety management system and labor accidents.

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This study has been made for arranging/characterizing information concerning various factors of accidents occurred in construction work sites. All free-terms are extracted from the descriptive statements appeared in the item “Accident Situation and Circumstances” of accident reports. The frequency of these extracted free-terms are distributed according to the Bradford's law or Zipf's law. Then, high frequency free-terms are selected as parameters for investigation on the relationship between these freeterms and accident cases. As a result of statistical quantification analyzing method (quantification method of third type), good relationship are obtained between these free-terms and accident type factor.

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Recently, the accidents of collapse in arch bridges under construction have been occured one after another. In result, the safety construction management/control as it ought to be, becomes one of the most important problems for an arch bridge during erection. From the above point of view, we developed a new safety control system for an arch bridge erected by means of the cable erection method, and tried to apply the fail safe design to one of an arch bridge in place of the allowable stress design. In this paper, we give an outline of this system and design, and describe the results of its application to the design and construction of a longspan arch bridge. In addition, it is mentioned the results of 3-dimensional measurements for the arch-rib configurations.

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It seeems really important to make adequate maintemance and rehabilitation management schemes for keeping the existent structures good condition.
In this paper, a simulation method for estimating life cycle cost of bridge is proposed using the Value Management Term whether the bridge shoud be rehabilitated or replaced without maintenance. This is evaluated by EUAC for annual interests, qualitatively. To be replaced or not depends on the type of bridge deterioration or annual interest rates, significantly.

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In this study an effective approach to make-up proposal report is developed through case study of planning land development project at local city. The process of the method developed here is designed systematically into four stages utilizing CAD systems.
Through case study such as a kind of marketing resarch approach, a layout of land development project and a design simulation study by CAD system, many effective information are shown us. Utilizing these information the integrated method for making-up proposal report of large-scale land development project is established in this paper.

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The guideway bus system is to introduce between Ozone and Shidamishisyo with developing Shidami area at Nagoya city. The guideway bus runs both on exclusive line and on general road because its special quality “dual mode”. This is the first time to introduce a full scale guideway bus project in Japan, so it is difficult to get enough information about its facility planning and operation planning. This paper develops simulation system by GPSS to get useful information for such plannings.

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Production of Vehicle Actuated Traffic Signal Controller for Road Work and Results of Field-Testing In a road construction site where pedestrians and vehicles have to use either of the inbound or the outbound lane each other on the spot, traffic control is made in accordance with flagman's instructions or indications transmitted from the fixed-time signals on the site. As to the control provided by such traffic guides, serious problems are often pointed out with the danger of collision with cars and vehicles to which the flagmans are always exposed. As to the control by means of traffic signals on the spot, seriousness is likewise brought about with the production of undesired waiting time or traffic congestion owing to the fixed-time signal control. Keeping such a situation in mind, a controller with which signal control complying with traffic demand is possible has been built up as a prototype in order to allow the burden imposed upon the flagmans to be alleviated or the safety of such injury-prone guides to be secured together with the purpose of accomplishing smoother traffic control. With the aid of the prototype, experiments on the site were conducted accompanied with the analysis taking up principally the lowering effect of the delay time. As a result, it is confirmed that the vehicle-actuated traffic signal controller developed for road work has sufficient utility and abundant usefulness.

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