Design standards for civil engineering structure Tstablished by the Ministry of Constructionhave been based on the material minimum concept since 1960s, because material costs were relatively higher than labor costs at that time. Because labor costs are now much higher relative to material costs, the Ministry of Construction recently reviewed the design standard, replacing the minimum material concept with the minimum labor concept.
The cost estimation system established by the Ministry of Construction wasapplied to various kinds of civil engineering structures to analyze the effective factors governing total cost consideringstructural safety. It was found that the simplification of structural shape, standardization of materials, and application of precastconcrete result in total cost reduction, although more materials are required than before. The new design standard for civilengineering structures was proposed in terms of total cost reduction.

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This paper introduces a decision-making method on design alternatives to select the best designg alternative for construction projects. The new method is developed by combining the Conjunctive and Analytic Hierarchy Process methods with group decision-making methods to eliminate unacceptable alternatives and measure Utility of Designed Quality and Utility of Costs of the acceptable designalternatives for Incremental [Utility of Designed Quality]-[Utility of Costs] Analysis. A case study for the Mekong Bridge in Cambodia done to validate applicability of the developed method is also briefly presented in this paper.

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In order to do the public work effectively, purchasers and suppliers are promoting effecitveness, save labor by using machines. The progress of the construction by machines becomes big the machine cost of construt ion cost. And to estimate accurate construction cost, we must understand actual stiation of the construction and rationally and strctly machine cost.
In this thesis, I analysis about (1) The changes from the enactment of Rent rate table which is based on the rent has a majority in the machine cost to nawdays, and the influence by the element of coefficient of openness to the pubic, and revision factor (2) Audit Example cost about machine
By the result of the analysis
(1) Rent Rate Table was premised that the standard cost by the contracter who gotnew machines and used, when 35th of Showa Era. After that, social and economic situation the change of the form of the consturcion influenced, react, by lease and rental market and second hand machines market, fair price accurately. We need to catch the fair market price accurately.(2) Looking at the process of estimating about construction cost, there are a lot of examples which have problems to examine about selecting machines, application of rent rate table, establishment of work condition, application of work efficiency, calculation of coefficient of openness to the public. So We need to establish the definite standard, in order to judge these fairly. To be understood to do public works by the taxpayers, more and more we need to secure transparency and obfectiveness and we are asked to establish the method of estimation which can be reflected the actual conditi on of construction.

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Recently, local needs for public works diversified and Interests become complicated. It is because traditional community declined. It is necessary to heighten an effect and to increase efficiency of dialogue type Public Involvement (PI) in detail, for example a citizen committee.
It is for goal to make the hypothesis between behavior of participants and dialogue type PI is proposed from the result. Minutes of the meeting are used as data for analysis.

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In the snowy area, the damage caused by snow is large problem for residents' life. In the winter, residents request the satisfactory snow removal work for the reason of obtaining amenity and convenience. With the extension of the city, the cost increases year by year, but the finance constraint is very severe. Therefore, though the administration also carries out investigation and examination, the directivity is not decided still. This study carries out the analysis from viewpoints of consensus making, public involvement and the information providing effect for residents in respect of this problem. In the reason, the CS investigation was carried out, and the detailed analysis was done about the snow removal project. As the result, it is possible to demonstratively clarify the effect of the information providing and the satisfaction on the snow removal business

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We call those new leaders as “partnership coordinators”. We think this partnership coordinator is a new profession that not only supports capacity building of the existing nonprofit sector, but also promotes and coordinates the networking among the government sector, the corporate sector and the nonprofit sector. The partnership coordinator acts as an independent intermediary.
My main focus in developing the human resource is to provide and train new leadership in the Japanese nonprofit sector. For a long time, the leaders in Japan stand in the front line and lead with power and authorities. The new leadership for the upcoming civil society requires the abilities to listen to the people's needs and to make consensus of what needs to happen for the future society.
I want to discuss the background of why I think is necessary to identify the partnership coordinator as new profession and the possibility of how we train the human resource to become one. I would also like to provide the new perspective of the new civil society that consists of the equal partnership among the government sector, the corporate sector and the nonprofit sector.

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Five affairs tried until now by designbuild projects in MOC direct contol enterprises are introduced. The effect of this projects and the subject in the case of using it was extracted.
The preceding paragraph showed the purpose of this system. Moreover, the factor which the difference in orde time generates in this system was shown.
Then, the example of trial in MOC direct control enterprise was shown, and the subject by the example of thi; system was shown.
From now on, the effect of cost reduction will be due to be grasped. Moreover, guideline creation is due to bi examined.

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In Japan, it is the most urgent and important issues to keep the clarity of the construction works contract and the reduction of the construction cost. In order to achieve this aims, Ministry of Construction, Japanese Government decided and announced to execute the public works using Construction CALS/EC system by 2004. By introduction of CALS/EC system, it is expected that the bid price will be reduced to some extent. This may be a problem for the contractors in some sense. There are, however, no quantitative analysis on the influence of the introduction of the system to bid price. The paper intend to analyze the bid price reduction effect quantitatively.

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This story report is making a try to study out the relationship between the rateof contract increase and the rate of cost increase through the quantitative analysis, whichwa conducted with use of the available information on cost and construction conditions store in the information data base for the Project Experience & Construction Record.
In the analysis, the first step was to compute the rate of contract increase and the rate of cost increase in all the cases of 169 Projects obtained in the information data base, putting use of the amounts at the time of preparing the budget and those at the time of completion.
Then, the regression analysis was made using the former as the explanatoryvariable and the latter as the object variable.
After sorting all the Project construction data according to the conditions suchas contract method, tendering classification, etc., the analytical examination was carriedout as to the rate of cost increase to the increase of contracted amount.
As a result, it has been verified that the traditional non-quantitativeempirical rules can be represented numerically, and that the results gained by the analysis are theinformative source of great significance as a basic and fundamental tools and means foranalysis in developing risk management method.

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From the mid 1980s the number of independent power producers (IPPs) by the BOT (Build, Operate, and Transfer) method in developing countries has been increasing. The debt of the business expenses of an IPP is mostly covered by project finance. Project finance is a non-recourse or limited recourse loan for a specific project. The repayment depends only on the cash flow produced by the project company, and the security of the finance is only project assets. Thus, renders perform detailed risk analysis and they request sufficient risk mitigations to the sponsor and related institutions. Although many of the thermal IPPs have been successfully completed and its numbers are increasing, only a few hydro IPPs are in operation. The reason for such difference is thought to be as the following. Since dams and hydroelectric power stations are constructed in a natural environment and the power generation depends on the river flow, renders tend to think that hydro IPPs are very difficult by project finance due to the environment, completion, and hydrology risks. In this paper, we review the related issues and propose an innovative finance scheme in order to promote hydro IPPs. In this scheme, the dam and the power portion of a hydro-power project are divided, and the dam is constructed and operated by an official development aid-like project finance while the power portion is by ordinary project finance IPP method.

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This paper introduces a conceptual framework to comprehend project-level organization for PRC privately financed infrastructure projects. The framework is composed of three dimensions: ownership (residual claims on positive income), risk (residual responsibility for negative income), and control (effective authority and ability to influence decisions). For each dimension, subjective values are assigned based on organizational structures, as well as timing, priorities, and abilities of project sponsors. Application of the framework to actual projects shows a range of organizational structures, and indicates that, within the macroboundaries of economy, law and administration, project-level organization strongly influences incentives and governance for public and private sponsors, and ultimately project performance.

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In this study, it is aimed to develop a new type method for obtaining project scheduling with minimum cost under restrictions such as project duration and recourses on the large-scale earth-work project. In this method optimal route on the cut-network is searched through the calculation of simultaneous execution-state among multiple activities included in the arbitrary independent-cut utilizing simulation model.

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PERT and CPM have been used as the typical algorithm to analyse the construction scheduling problems. However, it is difficult to apply them to the real construction problems, because the given scheduies are sometimes off and estimated costs are not so exact, for many reasons.
In this paper, the total construction time and cost of scheduling Problems are calculated based on fuzzy membership function considering the ambiguity circumstances of real construction site. The obtained results are able to express more accurate possible time and cost compare with the ordinal problems ever studied.

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Cooperation among client, designer, prime contractor, subcontractor, and workers is necessary in orde to improve the safety performance of the construction industry. Nevertheless, the Industria Safety and Health Law, throughout a series of amendments, has increasingly emphasized the responsibilities of ornly prime contractors. It is ordinary practice in Japan that the prime contractor is mainly obliged fbr all worker safbty and health related liabilities. As a result, safbty management in the Japanese construction industry is nearly all implemented by prime contractors.
It is essential for the future improvement of Japan's constnlction safety and health performance that the duties of all project participants need to be identified and adjusted. It is particularly important that the responsibilities and roles of designer should be clarified. In this paper the designer classiflcation and the irawareness for constmction safbty in Japan are introduced. After analyzing the roles of designer on designing for construction safbty, some recommendations at the design stage, that could contribute to reduction in occupational risks in public works, are presented.

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Although safety facilities have been improved and safety rules and regulations have been implemented, the accident rate in the construction industry is still higher than those in other industries. Therefore, it is proposed that preventive measures of human errors should be studied to reduce accidents further more. There are two approaches to prevent human errors. One is to improve safety facilities so that accidents are prevented, even if a worker commits a human error. The other is to establish a safety management system for human errors. The author urges the study why human errors occur at project sites and proposes four countermeasures as a part of a safety management system.

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There are more than 100 shotcrete slopes at a alternation strata of sandstone and mudstone along with about a 32km section of National Route 220 from Miyazaki to Nitinan city. Because most of them were built in 1966 to 1974 and are beyond 20 years old, some of them have been deteriorated these years. Several slope disasters, therefore, occur every year in the case of heavy rainfall. So under the abnormal weather, the section of the road is to be closed to traffic. And it is the longest section of traffic regulation in Kyushu. In order to keep the shotcrete slopes in the traffic regulation section under perfect control, the causes of shotcrete slope collapse, the decision of priority order for the restoration of deteriorated shotcrete slopes, the manual for restoration methods and the trial construction for the restoration of deteriorated slopes have been carried out since 1992. This paper shows the slope maintenance system and the guide manual for design of restoring shotcrete slopes under consideration.

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[in Japanese]

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In the process of determining the residential development planning, examination of the cost is required to investigate the efficiency of the project. In this paper, therefore, develop the system which materialize advanced planning examination through formulating the topographical design model which investigates the cost of a preparation that occupies majority of the budget. And in this study, we acquired the topographical data and displayed the topography by using Non-Uniform-Rational B-Spline. Therefore, we could reduce the work to acquired the topographical data and we could make the system to fit the topographical design model.

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The Government of Japan is preparing the introduction of “Policy Evaluation” to confirm the effects of its policies for realization of desirable policies and accountability for people. The main method of the evaluation will be “benchmark evaluation” by measuring the effects and achievement degrees of policies and comparing the objective set by concrete indexes (benchmarks) with the real results of the policies. It is desirable that the benchmarks should be satisfaction degrees of the people or outcomes showing the social efffects produced by the policies rather than outputs showing directly its products.
This paper reports the problems in the benchmark evaluation methods in the USA and Japan, and suggests a benchmark system for the evaluation of infrastructure development policies in view of Maslaw (A. H.)' s approach.

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Many research efforts have been done on evaluation of promoting social capital. Many evaluation methods such as cost-benefit analysis have also been developed and improved to contribute more various evaluations. However few research method which is effective for relative evaluating on characteristics of a specific capital in a local society has been established. This paper investigates to establish a new evaluating method, which can evaluate characteristics of social capital especially in local society. We have confirmed that the proposed technique has high applicability to understand clearly the characteristics of local society by evaluating them two-dimensionally.

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Recently, local cities are required to respond to the changes of the society, such as, urbanization, verification of needs and the increase of service industry. These problems occur due to the differences of population and economy among cities. On the other hand, people's needs for leisure activities are still active in spite of the deflation. In consideration of these situations, local cities located near large cities have the potential to provide the place to satisfy people's needs for leisure activities by utilizing the advantage of accessibility, abundant natural and historical resources. Thus, the development of local cities, such as, the increase of inhabitation and revitalization of local economy, is considered to be achieved by the construction of leisure facilities and development of urban functions to renovate the living environment. In this study, development plan of new city core district utilizing the dead space is suggested, and the planning model is formulated to evaluate the development project. Also, this model is applied to Kusatsu-city, Shiga to be analyzed empirically.

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This paper is to study about the way to minimize the total cost, including opportunity cost, of public works. The author compares the costs between of short-time high-construction-cost case and of long-time and low-construction-cost case, in an existed road construction project. The author also compares the costs between of daytime maintenance and of nighttime maintenance, in existed road maintenance.
From these comparisons, the author finds out that in order to select minimum cost case it is necessary to 1) estimate the benefit from the project, 2) calculate the direct cost of the project and 3) forecast the duration of the project. In-house engineers have to select the best way with considering cost minimization including opportunity cost.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate how an appropriate procurement route should be chosen with regard to minimum life-cycle cost. Three alternatives, Conventional, Design-Build and Private Finance Initiative, are focused on. The relationships between component tasks within projects are modelled as a relationship accompanying external effect. New concepts such as procurer's “capability” and “verifiability” regarding the quality are introduced and the project life-cycle cost with each procurement route are analysed. Finally criteria on selection of procurement route are suggested.

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Structures are going to deteriorate from the beginning of its usage. The deteriorate function is modeled by two types in this paper and applied to the maintenance and repair management. The life cycle cost (LCC) of structures including maintenance and repair cost is minimized based on principle of minimum total cost theory. The spending cost in the life of structures has worth at each time. It is transferred to present worth to estimate the LCC. LCC is related to the safety level of structures. The optimum initial safety levels of structures that minimize the LCC are estimated in this paper. The structures are modeled to be subject to repeated loads.

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It is reported that the average temperature of earth is continuously raising despite of making the agreement of the prevention of global climate change at COP3 in Kyoto in 1997. The performance of actions for the prevention of the global warming under an environmental management system in construction fields of buildings and civil engineering works was surveyed by the use of a questionnaire at the period between October 1999 and March 2000. The average rate of the enforcement for preventing the global warming in the building and the civil engineering sites were 41% and 50%, respectively. It is recognized that the education of adequate maintenance of the vehicles to the collaborators in the building sites and the confirmation of regular inspection of the machine and vehicles in the engineering sites acts were good performance. The average rate of enforcement of the idling stop acts for vehicles and construction machines was 52%. It is revealed by the simulation using the method of Lagrange's undetermined coefficient that the average rate of total enforcement for the prevention of the global warming acts will be raised 3% by the optimization of the present condition

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The relationship between the index of general trust and decision making process of civil engineers is examined by using analysis of answers to question sheet. From the analysis, it appears that there is a close relationships between them. As the score of general trust increases, the decision of engineers becomes more positive. It is also found out that socialization process of civil engineers is completed at around 30 years old. It is necessary to do ethics education before this age.

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The qualification of candidacy for examination has varied of qualification class and educational background, so the engneers who would take the national qualification test of construction management are required the certain period while they have been in charge as a supervisor for construction site.
In this study, we provided the questionnaire to the students of university, junior college and high school mainly regarding to their views of the national qualification in 1998 and 1999. And in another point of view, we analyzed the attribute of the candidates which submitted an application for 1st-class.
As a result of those, students want to be reduced the length of the required period but the candidates have the longer experience than that.

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