[in Japanese]

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Ministry of Construction, Japanese Government decided and announced to execute the public works using Construction CALS/EC system by 2004. Due to the situation, many organization, such as Ministry of Construction, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, have been doing various researches on Construction CALS/EC. Those research reports and many other books are insisting on that the system is effective for the construction works in qualitative basis. As for the quantitative evaluation, however, few researches are done. This is the one of the reasons that the introduction of the system to construction works is not so intensively done yet especially in case of medium to small size enterprises. Although there are various types of effects in introduction of the Construction CALS/EC system, the research concentrates to the shortening effect of correspondence time by CALS/EC as the first step of the qualitative research. The expected time for correspondence of traditional telephone system and CALS/EC type electronic mail are compared and analyzed. The result shows the situation that the electronic mail system can be used very much effectively.

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The CALS is to be shared in use for Japanese construction industry. This is arranged for the purpose of the standardization of the available data that would be reused and/or shared by the clients and the constructors. It requires a certain amount of the initial cost for each constructor to arrange the software and some equipments, while it will be profitable in some points. It is, therefore, anxious that some constructors would not participate in the alliance of the CALS at once. The situation is regarded as “Prisoners' Dilemma”. Thus we observe the prevailing process of the CALS from the viewpoint of game theory. We firstly formulate the prevailing process as the recursive process of evolutionary game. Then we compare the logisitic equation and the evolutionary game modeling as the method of describing the prevailing or epidemic process among the population. We moreover obtain the indicator for the policy implication from the game modeling.

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Ministry of Construction is making Construction CALS/EC, now. CALS/EC needs BPR adjusted to our Business. We tried work analysis and BPR for “National Road maintenance and management”. The function structure chart, IDEFO, IDEF1X and EXPRESS were made
We had good result as follows:
·Business process was cleared in National Road maintenance and management.
·The function structure chart, IDEFO and IDEF1X take good effect for work analysis.
·We propose a good process for BPR.

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Project management (PM) is being introduced into the Japan construction industry as one of the global standards. It is very important that the good aspects of the Japanstyle PM and Western-style PM are examined and integrated in generating the more realistic and suitable PM for Japanese custom.
This paper discusses about the major differences between two PMs, their problems and directions of their integrations in the construction phase in which the world-wide cooperation or competition are expected. The result of the study could be helpful in understanding both sides when the ISO is introduced or both PMs are discussed on the same table.

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To accumulate knowledge obtained by each activity in the field of construction management research, it is seriously desired to create systematic structure which can be an infrastructure to integrate achievements of researches. The paper presents the attempts to build up the structure from theaspect of project-based aspect. Here, construction is understood as a set of project led processes. Ten categories of project processes proposed by ISO 10006 are used for assumed model; These are strategic process interdependency management processes, and scope related, time-re1 ated, cost-related, resource-related, personnel-related, commun1 cation-related, processes, risk-re1ated processes and purchasing-related processes Key words are collected from the title of papers of construction management research journals and from the title of research activities of academic institutions. Then correlation between processes and collected key words are examined here. It is proved most of the key words can find the appropriate address in the frame work of process categories tailored from ISO 10006 generic model. The paper proposes the process-based frame for as an infrastructure of construction management research.

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In the construction industry many companies make preparations for ISO 14001 certifications, Our company Sato Kogyo Tokyo Branch also got the certification last December and other branches are going to have preparations for ISO14001certifications.
ISO14001 is similar to the ISO9000s on the point of principles as management system in the company. It is one of the most valuable strategies, which is composed of environmental policy, planning implementation, checking and corrective action, and management review. ISO 14001 is the part of the overall management system and the method to achieve reductions of environmental impacts.
Firstly, I report the trend which general contractors construct ISO14001 considering the necessity for construction companies. Secondly, I report the procedure and its characteristics to construct ISO14001 based on the case study. Thirdly, I report problems and measures in case of the application of ISO 14001 to the construction industry.

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One of the most common strategies for public owners constructing a superproject is to divide the whole project into several contracts. Because of the dividable nature of these projects, a trade-off analysis between advantage in larger contract size (i. e. economies of scale) versus the risk premium ofuncertainties (i. e. diseconomies of scale) is carried out to determine the optimum size of contracts. To evaluate both the risk premium and the economies of scale, the paper presents the Contract Size Decision Support System (CSDSS) using the existing net present value method by incorporating probability distributions of risk premium. The CSDSS also suggests practiced measures to facilitate in establishing an optimum contract size strategy through linear programming.

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The aim of economic regulatory policy in private infrastructure development is to protect utility users while ensuring that private concessionaires have incentives to develop and operate infrastructure projects more efficiently. Setting an adequate governance by economic regulation is very important because when the regulatory control is too lax, users will have to bear the risk of higher prices. Contrarily, excessive control may cause reluctance of the private sector to participate in infrastructure development. This paper discusses three alternatives in economic regulation: Price regulation, ROR (rate of return) regulation, and No regulation. It analyzes both the incentive effects to improve efficiency and the degree of risk to which concessionaires are exposed under the different economic governance. Finally, it makes suggestion for improving economic regulation in developing countries.

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For this introductory paper on the implementation of private infrastructure development methods in the People's Republic of China, the author defines three time periods:“The Beginning”-from 1987 to 1995:“The Present”-from 1995 to 1998 and “The Future”-from July 1998 onwards.
“The Beginning” is characterized by arelatively small number of projects centered in the economically advanced province of Guangdong. The the field of participants is led by a small number of pioneering Hong Kong property developers.
“The Present” period, from 1995 to July 1998. features a rapidly growing number of participants in the industry, with international utilities, engineering firms, and investment funds adding to the Hong Kong developers. The geographical scope of private infrastructure development in China also expands to include all of the coastal provinces. Finally, the style of project structure as well as the legal and regulatory framework for private participation in infrastructure begins to expand during thisperiod, with government bodies as well as private developers experimenting with new project structures and legislation.
Finally, “The Future” looks at the direction of private participation in the development of infrastructure in China, and is based on current trends, including: increasing sophistication, growing competition and rising costs in the coastal regions; shift of central government emphasis to inland investment; establishment of new laws governing private infrastructure participation; and rapidly changing conditions in both international and domestic financial markets.

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In recent years, serious concern has been expressed over the current decision making process of public project planning. This article summarized an international comparative study on highway planning procedures in major countries including Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and the United States. The study recognized “Information Disclosure” as the most important concept in planing process followed by “Public Involvement” and “Project Evaluation”. In Japan, public authorities have strong tendency to secure employment opportunity for workers in the construction industry. There is little incentive for them to introduce the above three concepts in practice as they will require time, cost and manpower.

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This study aims to discuss the method for optimized development of the residential zone under the expectation of the local government by focussing on the local development. First, the market of the development of the residential zone is regarded as the Stackelberg Planning Problem, the government as the leader between the government-developer competitive relation, and the developer as the leader between the developer-residents competitive relation and formulated. Second, the features of the restriction by the government to the developer are understood by some numerical computations

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There are many conflict cases in the process of public work s execution in Japan. The distrust of public work s execution piled up by some past bad cases may exert serious influence upon various projects in the future.
In this study, I focused the case of Tokyo Univ. s Komaba Dormitory (1988-1998) as it is very familiar to me. I reviewed previous studies concerned with assessment, citizen participation, disclosure, then picked up problems in the administrations of public works and suggest their countermeasure.

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In recent years, there are many criticisms for public works in Japan, which are brought about for the reason that the people's needs are not reflected satisfactorily in the existing public works. The sense of worth has been changing considerably and thus the conventional project evaluation method is now far from appropriate. The present project evaluation method is considered to have the following problems:(i) the stock-effects of public works are taken into account much less than the project flow-effects;(ii) the academic fields related to the project evaluation are not linked enough to each other;(iii) the non-structural approach for example, public consensus and the management in operation, is not studied carefully prior to the project implementation.
It is essential for the interested parties to fully recognize the true public needs, the principle for evaluating the public works. For this reason, this paper suggests the methodology of project evaluation to assure the worth of public works and services, including the following three factors; fairness, simplicity, and flexibility for the public people.
From now on, the economy will trend to be more liberalized, and the sense of worth will be further diversified even in an individual person. Therefore, this paper deals with a framework to discuss what the public worth is, the principle of which we should recognize together with “non civil engineers”.

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Since infrastructure development and management in Japan is currently facing a turning point, it is important to discuss its fundamental principle. As a first step to do that, an attempt is made to define infrastructure systems as with which construction engineers should be involved. Then inputs and outputs of the systems and indices to measure performance of the systems are identified. As a case study for applying results of discussions, an attempt is made to develop a framework for solving the solid waste material problem and building recycling systems of natural resources.

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In this study we develop the evaluation method of social economic influences due to reduction of public investment. First of all the influences of reduction in all industrial sector were calculated by means of I-O analysis in Hokkaido. The simulation of possible measures to cover the reduction in terms of whole economics of Hokkaido. Moreover, we make sure the effects due to several improvements of construction industry. As a result. 1) the reduction of public investment makes a large influence to Hokkaido economics, 2) it is difficult for Hokkaido economics to improve its state for itself. and 3) we should consider the strategy of construction industry. Several strategies are simulated and some of them contribute to the prevention of reduction of public investment effectively.

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Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT) is regarded as a potential device for the development of infrastructure. To be implemented in place, however, it needs huge amount of money and time. Moreover, all of participants, especially investors, confront “risks” due to highly complex legal and financial structures of the host country.
This research explores to identify risks of transportation BOT projects in Thailand. Emphasis is placed on primary “source risks, ” particularly country specific risks in Thailand, at each phase of BOT projects. The results include formulation of expert's subjective assessment into graphical models that incorporate interrelationships among the risk factors. The outcome of this study is expected to disseminate invaluable knowledge among people who relate to BOT projects in Thailand.

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This study identified key prequalification criteria to be considered in Thai construction Industry. For the purpose, statistical analyses were conducted on prequalification factors of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). The pre-defined criteria of EGAT included contractor's experience, financial capabilities, key personnel, equipment capabilities, past performance, current work load, construction capability, business condition, capacity of company, and litigation history. Insights into the significance of these criteria were then obtained through numerous interviewsand questionnaires with the owner and contractors. The results from this study revealed that criteria rating of both the owner and the contractors are quite similar. Results also revealed that prequalification criteria could be grouped into four principal components labeled as abilities, capacities, reliability, and compatibility in general.

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The economic growth of Guangdong province in southern China has drawn attention of various fields such as sustainable development and global environment. The corresponding infrastructure construction such as railways and highways has led to huge effects on industry structure, urbanization, and land use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to comprehensively study the interactions of infrastructure construction, economic development, land utilization, and environmental issues. In this research, first, the current situation of transportation infrastructures in Guangdong province is studied and compared with the developed countries. Then, the investment condition and financial resources of transportation infrastructure construction are investigated as well as its effects on the economical development. Numerical analyses are carried out for reflecting traffic accidents and land use due to the process in transportation service industry. Finally, a GIS-based management approach is presented for managing transportationinfrastructures with spatial visible capacity.

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In this paper, the integration of geographical information system and government project administration information system based on network platform (GISGPA/NT) is presented for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying the construction projects data related to positions on the Earth'ssurface and government administration. The system is developed for the municipal government body, which is responsible for the administration of construction projects. The scope of information processing and the type of information used in this system are discussed following the enduser identification. Then, the system structure and main functions are described in detail. Finally, the guideline and methodology of system development are presented.

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The Employer's ceiling price which the award of public work shall be made under this estimated price by the Employer in the Public procurement procedure in Japan has been concealed since public account law and relative regulations have taken effect in 1889. In February, 1998, “Recommendationon the Reforms of the Bidding and Contracting System for Public Works” by the Central Council on Construction Contracting Business proposed to disclose ceiling price at the post-tendering stage.
Following this Recommendation, Central Government, i. e. Ministry of Construction and Ministry of Transport and also most of local governments and Special Agencies have decided to disclose their ceiling prices of the tenders at the post-tendering stage, and commenced to disclose even at the pre-tendering stage, mostly in this fiscal year, i. e. from Apri1, 1998. Ceiling price is disclosed without any review, modification or revision of related laws and regulations. It means that the concealment of ceiling price has been done by the Employer's discretion.
Ceiling price established by the Employer is substantially based on strictly divided and accumulated estimating system with qualified engineers and specialists. But It does not reflect actual construction process and execution of the Works. The Employer's contracting officers and engineers should change their objectives and their point of view for the Work to extend their ability for comprehensive project management. It means that they should take action to shift the importance from ceiling price to total project cost to obtain economically most advantageous performance of the Work. The Employers of public work should shift the priority from ceiling price to Total project cost. Considering the globalisation over the world, Account laws and related regulations in Japan should be fundamentally reviewed and drastically reformed for future development of Japan.

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Female engineers are a minority in the construction industry in Japan. Their work conditions are investigated and obstacles are identified, which are followed by some recommendations to improve their working environment.

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[in Japanese]

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This paper introduces a concept of measuring quality for engineering economic analysis to determine the best quality for construction projects. First, the quality of construction projects is defined and decomposed into component quality criteria. Next, the component quality criteria are quantified and the weights of relative importance level of each component quality criterion are determined. In this way, the value of the entire quality of construction projects can be consequently measured. Having measured the quality value, the engineering economic analysis can be applied and the optimum quality of construction projects will be determined by incremental quality value- costs ratio analysis accordingly.

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In this study optimal scheduling problem with the minimum total cost of construction project is formulated through the topological analysis based on the theory of graph and network structure.
After formulating scheduling model an algorithm to solve it effectively is established DP procedure.
Moreover, general resource allocation planning system is studied through mode analysis using this schedulingm odel for the constructionp roject planning.

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In this paper an integrateds tudy is discusseda iming to developt he methodology utilizing simulation system analysis based on the newly developedm athematical model analysis of multi-project planning and scheduling problem in the largescale regional development of localcity, where systematic methodology is for evaluating effectiveness and efficiency of the multi-project plan obtained by the simulation system analysis is also discussed from the social, economical and administrativev iewpoints.
The methodology developed through above study is applied to the actual large-scale comprehensive regional development at Maihara-choin Shiga-prefectur, e a nd it is confirmedth at the methodologyd eveloped. in thiss tudy works well to obtain reasonable and desirable multi-project planning and scheduling

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In this paper a methodological study on proposal presentation is discusse through the case of study of land development project planning problem in Konan-cho, Shiga, a local city where agricultural industry development and urban facility development are discussed and planned to promote the regional development For the attainment of desirable project plans, concept making of the development is designed based on the analysis of social needs and requestsof people who are related to the area in the first stage, and in the next stage desirable procedureto design the land development project is tried to obtain through visual presentation. At the final stage feasibility of project is discussed focussing on construction cost and integrated evaluation of various project effects in order to obtain the most desirable project plan and in order to make-up a proposal to the land development project planning.

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In this study effective simulation tool for multi-construction-project planning is developed from the planning and managemental viewpoint as follows: At the first stage concept of integrated system approach for urban development is studied according to the planning process of integrated urban planning. At the second stage multi-construction-projecpt lanning and scheduling model located at system model of the system approach considered in the first stage is formulated from theviewpoint of cooperation is supply and demand relation considering balance of soil among multiple project. At the final stage hybrid model concept is studied through combining multi-project planning and scheduling model which had been already developed and multi-construction project planning and scheduling model formulated in the second stage.

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The initial optimal safety indeces and the related LCC for repeated loads of to be constructing structures are obtained through the simulation models. The models have two types of repairments. One is the replacement model and other is rehabilitation one with repairs. To estimate the deterioration of structures, the Fractal pattern is used. The preference LCC are obtained by setting the safety level relatively high if structures have lung design life and bearing the long expecting return period loads. Though the differences of LCC between models are not so significant., therefore, incremental expense of initial constructing cost is preferable to make LCC small if social loss cost is estimated very serious.

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One of forty-two Japanese are handicapped, and it is even keeping increasing. Unfortunately, there is still long distance to make public infrastructure systems freely usable for those handicapped.
Purpose of this paper is to propose more usable public facilities for handicapped people. One basic point in Usable public facilities for handicap is decided by to how much handicap can utilize those facilities independently to support themselves. Author checks related reference, conducts hearings, experiences actual facilities in wheel chair and studies infrastructure development guideline formulated by several local government, to grasp defects in public facilities. As result, following features are clarified.
Present public facilities except very new one are not usable or hard to use for handicapped.
Handicaps sometimes can not get favorite aide in facilities where supporters for handicaps is necessary because supporters themselves are not familiar with facilities enough.
Facilities for handicapped are established much better in Kansai Area than in Tokyo Area.
Based on the above result, some physical specifications on facility shape and concrete dimension are put forward.

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