In 2001, a progress payment system for public works was adopted for two projects as a trial basis in Japan and its effectiveness compared with the traditional system were examined and verified. Furthermore, in 2002, a standard implementation program for the new payment system was produced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation, and therefore many trial projects for the new payment system were commenced all over Japan.
In this report, we present the results of the consideration of the effectiveness, practical problems and improvement plans of adopting new payment system, based on the follow-up questionnaire survey for trial projects.

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The relationship between experts and the general citizens in the selection of public works is analyzed. Minutes of discussion of agreement formation conferences are analyzed. The theoretical frame of the science, technology and society is used from the view of public understanding of science. Three committees are analyzed concerning the coastal environment or the flood control in which experts and general citizens participated. The minutes were open to the public and they are used as text, and are analyzed.“Cooperative interaction model” was proposed by Shibayama et al.(2003) based on “Lack model” and “Contextual model”. By using the model, a manual concerning method of managing the conference is proposed. In addition, the closure patterns of controversy (Beder, 1991) is used to analyze text. The conditions needed to aim at “closure by a sound discussion” are clarified.

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This study aims to the effect of group pressure, procedural justice and distributive justice on commitment of people by using a scenario experiment method. The experiment was conducted to 155 students of Tohoku Institute of Technology. Applying ANOVA to the data, we obtained following findings. That is, 1) group pressure in a non-connected group can be influential on people's attitude through procedural justice rating. 2) Commitment of people to a public development project can be formed depending on self benefit and procedural justice. 3) In case of Japanese public development project, an interaction between self benefit and procedural justice has differential effect with traditional interaction which was reported in previous studies. These findings are keys to understand consensus building and to make consensus building process more efficient.

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The problem of the decline of the efficiency in the road improvement and the mismatch between the road improvement and the user's needs makes discredit grow in the infrastructure projects. The arrangement of the functions that a highway has and the priority of the functions have a great influence on the road design. In this study, we propose to apply VE (Value Engineering) technique for the study of functions of the highway and make the decision of improvement plan as the result. Thus the aims of the study are to confirm the applicability of the VE for the highway planning and evaluate the effects of the application in the viewpoints of the cost reduction et al.

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Recently, at the former sites of abandoned river along the Kusatsu river drainage canal enterprise in Kusatsu and Ritto city region, Shiga Prefecture, the construction of facilities related to road is under consideration. Then, in Kusatsu city, part of former sites of abandoned river other than facilities related to road will be bought from Shiga Prefecture for the promotion. The development of the former sites will influence the future of the city greatly. The planned construction is expected to be efficient, so the more effective plan for this project is in great need.
Then, in this research, the synthetic examination from multi-aspect and multi-side viewp oint was carried out for the purpose of the possibility of practical and rational plan raised about the former site required by urban facilities construction problems. In that case, to determine the kinds arrangement, construction implementation periods of the urban facilities which is assumed to be constructed at former sites of abandoned river, the optimization model was built up. So, with the connection of the optimization model of development and financial simulation model, it is feasible to analyze the influence effect from financial and social aspects about the construction plan. And effective and efficient plan proposal was concluded.

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Railway network have been spread rapidly by popular request. In re cent years, many railway structures are coming to its rehabilitation stage. Tunnel Management System (TMS), which manages maintenance works effectively and economically, has been developed in accordance with basic philosophy of economic Life Cycle Cost (LCC).
In this study, algorisms of two sub-systems for Keikyu-TMS have been developed. One of the sub-systems is Inspection and Evaluation system for lining condition. The other one is Calculation system of LCC.
Keikyu-T MS made it possible to calculate LCC of each tunnel and each span and to support decision-making of tunnel management administrator

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Current society has a wide-range of issues such as the new objectives of public sectors, various persons' values, etc. Public sectors need to manage much information and knowledge for improving public services they provide. It is considered that the causalities for lack of knowledge sharing at public sectors are too much dependent on IT tools, no methodology to optimize business process totally and no strategic approach toward business re-structuring based on the methodology. So, IT division of NILIM has formulated the hypothesis for the methodology of knowledge management and has started to implement business process re-engineering.
The hypothesis is composed of the following four principles, namely 1) goals to attain, 2) organizations for implementation, 3) entrepreneurship of people to challenge new activities and 4) spaces for knowledge sharing such as holding committees and meetings and using the intranet. Then, the hypothesis is applied to a local office to improve its business process on trial. According to this study, it is considered that the hypothesis is effective in general, for example workers shared the current problems about their organization and business process.
The next step of this study will be the application of this methodology to other local offices of MLIT and to improve the hypothesis for a wider use.

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National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
This paper presents that a basic framework structure as three dimensional design information increases efficiency in staking out and as-built management in combination with a survey instrument for road work. Thebasic framework structure “skeleton” is composed of an alignment, a profile, and some cross sections of a road design.
Firstly, this paper describes the change of as-built management technique from the Meiji period to thepresent day and the necessity of the new as-built management technology. Secondly, this shows the new as-built management technology utilizing the skeleton is useful in shortening the working hours compared with a traditional one.
Computerization of the skeleton generated in the design phase makes it easy to reuse the 3-D information in the operation phase. This is a case of effective information exchange through the life cycle of construction, which Construction CALS aims at a goal.

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In order to improve the productivity, to enhance the management, and to incorporate the progress payment method, a cut and fill earthworks management system was developed based on 4D CAD and Earned Value Management System (EVMS). In this research, we integrated a 3D CAD, schedule management, cost estimation, and EVMS systems by using LandXML as the product model representing terrain data and IFC2x as the process model representing the construction process. We demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of the system by applying it to a past real earthworks project.

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Check is the foundations of maintenance. The degree evaluation of health, degradation prediction, the optimal repair plan, etc. are carried out based on a check result. However, the present condition is depending for check business on experience and the degree of skill of the check member in the spot. In this research, operating analysis of the present condition by modeling using international tools of analysis was performed for the maintenance management business of a bridge. The justification of the problem in the maintenance management business pointed out from the former was checked. That the damage result of the past of each part material and the circumstances of a judgment are unknown was the subject obtained from present data analysis. The database of a check result to this subject using XML as countermeasures was built. Furthermore, it verified that built XML-DB was used by actual bridge check, and could be used effective in judgment support.

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The determination of a maintenance scenario must take into consideration various factors, such as existence of the importance of a route, LCC, and a detour. However, the present condition is that the determination method of an intelligible maintenance scenario is not necessarily shown for an administrator. This research shows that the maintenance scenario from which LCC serves as the minimum can be determined by computing LCC from the kind of the degradation forecasting model for which the state transition probability presumed from a check result is asked, and each repair/reinforcement method of construction adopted in the state of degradation, and a relation with the cost of construction. The RC deck of a direct control national highway is set as the target of a case study. How to ask a check result for state transition probability is shown, and LCC comparison at the time of changing a maintenance scenario is performed. And sensitivity analysis of each transition probability is performed. Furthermore, the relation between degradation speed and a maintenance scenario is also considered.

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This study proposes a new Construction Waste Management System (CWMS) for the promotion of appropriate management of construction waste and its demolition materials. CWMS mainly consists of two parts; the Electronic Manifest System (EMS) for the construction waste, instead of the conventional paper manifest system, and the Vehicle Tracking System (VTS), based on the global positioning system (GPS). VTS, tightly combining with EMS, could easily pursuit the construction waste from a generation point to a treatment and/or disposal site. This paper describes the principle of CWMS and proposes some improvements of actual manifest system, such as weight control by activation of the load scale facility, already installed in each dump car.

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In these days, as a method of the concept of asset management of determining investment the administration maintenance besides in addition to the conventional technical theory has come to attract attention, to the maintenance repaired problem of an engineering-works road structure. Conventionally, on the road, the road is inspected the dander evaluation of a slope at once for five years, the maintenance administration is examined by a slope in terms of prevention of disasters. Naturally, this argument is necessary from now on, introduction of asset management is necessary to cope in order to a subject of optimize of the maintenance, repair and renewal. From such a viewpoint, this research adopted GIS as the technique of the simulation in strategic management, was shown that the efficient risk technical evaluation. Still more, this technique is applied to neighboring slope by road net, and it was shown that the example added to priority of reinforcement slope by come from risk evaluated result of the route in consideration of the road network.

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In Japan, many infrastructure elements built during the era of rapid economic growth have become dilapidated in recent years. In the near future, their repair, reconstruction, and maintenance will be necessary, and the costs for those purposes will increase significantly. Pavements must be managed in an efficient and rational manner with a limited budget, and the development of method to enable such management is imminent.
In response, there is a call for introducing the concept of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and a Pavement Management System (PMS). Methods for the LCCA and those for operation of the PMS are being developed in various engineering subspecialties.
The national highways in Hokkaido, whose length totals about 6400km, are a huge infrastructure for the region. Under the current strict budget situation, the level of service needs to be efficiently maintained to afford sufficient driving safety and comfort.
We practiced case studies of the life-cycle cost analysis with road user costs and discussed procedure of the planning method for pavements repair and maintenance.

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An attempt is made to develop and verify the effective methodology of urban development projects planning, from the aspect of finance and administration. In the study, Kusatus City, Shiga Prefecture, is selected as the subject city for the case study. A financial simulation system has been built up, which is the analysis platform for the planning. The optimization of the study is linear multi-objective problem, with seven objective indexes correspond to the development objective the Kusatsu City, and four control variables of investment to living, transportation, culture, science and amusement, and welfare infrastructure. The hybrid model concept and time-related dynamic analysis are used in the planning evaluation for final proposal. And by the successful verification of the case study, it could be said that the planning methodology is rational and effective.

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Japan had succeeded economic growth rapidly after reviving from WW ii. And Japan can become one of countries to carry out the mission for the leader of the world. However, Japanese people can 't gain good habitation and surrounding enough to satisfy. Living with nature and gaining comfortable life in spacious residence is Japanese dearest desire for living in 21th C.
For realizing the desire, we must review our life-style from a different point of view.On this report, we can consider a new concept named Eco-Cooperative to combine three concepts. First concept is Ecology to harmony with nature, next concept is Cooperative to make strong community supporting by good human realization-ship, last concept is to remove to new house for adapting to new life-style. We will desire that this concept Eco-Cooperative can change old common idea to own land and building as property accepting as true generally for a long time. And this concept will bring us a new idea to create new habitation having comfortable surrounding.

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PFI is a means to procure public services by private investments. In this paper, therecovery procedure for PFI projects is proposed to secure the stable supply of necessary public services. The recovery procedure for PFI projects must include mechanisms to achieve the efficient recovery of projects. In order to establish the bankruptcy procedure for PFI projects, its inherent characteristics and constraints should also be considered. This paper firstly explains the desirable goals of bankruptcy procedures and the BAHM model, which has been proposed to solve substantial problems in the bankruptcy reform of private companies. Secondly, the characteristics and constraints of PFI projects, different from those in private projects are clarified. Finally, the recovery procedures for PFI projects are proposed by applying the BAHM model and the particularities of PFI projects.

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This paper describes the possibility of PFI DBFO ROAD project, especially in case of connecting remote islands between main lands or other island in Japan. Existing data is examined. Through the comparison of no. of contracts, construction period and office cost of owner between conventional public work and PFI method, we cloud find out that the reduction of cost and period of construction are possible. Then we estimate VFM. The result of the estimation, VFM is attained without effort of VE, cost down of material price etc. And we prove if the local road project is adopted PFI method, VFM is also attained.

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In Japanese PFI bid evaluation, it is pointed out that qualitative items are not sufficiently considered.
In this paper, to establish a bid evaluation method considering qualitative items properly, the mechanisms of some comprehensive evaluation methods are analized by using a concept of utility maximization in micro economics. Then how to evaluate qualitative items properly throughout subjective judgment is discussed by comparing with the evaluation systems in competitive sports.

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In Japan, the Local governments' finances as well as those of the central government are in a critical situation in recent years. The cities which perform a consolidation of municipalities are increasing in number as the method for salving it A merger policy often tends to be similarly set up in the whole country. It is thought that a merger policy including the characteristics of eath area is required. In order to attain it, it is important that city classificatim is performed The effects of a merger policy will be analyzed considering the characteristics of every type. And, desirable conditions will be proposed about the thought of preper scale of a city. It will be made to notice it having an important meaning that classification is performed on a city part and a farm village part, or a core part and the outskirts in this essay.

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“Bubble Economy” created many sort of problems in Japan Recently, many local governments in Japan are facing to financial crisis. They are trying to cut down expenses on public works and services, not only infrastructure but also public welfare and education service. However, it is still difficult to improve financial circumstances. For finding real situation of problems exiting in local governments, a study on public works implementation system is carried out. As a result, it could be found that the local government management system was strictly followed the central government way. It is necessary to establish ‘New Public Management System’ for improve financial circumstances.

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The history on the regional difference in the amount of the investment for the construction in Japan was considered through the consumption of ready-mixed concrete in each prefecture of Japan from 1971 to 2002. The author defined the reservation rate as the share of the total amount of the consumption of ready-mixed concrete in each prefecture independent of the population density in the total amount of the consumption. The reservation rate was employed to quantify the distribution of the investment for the construction. It was found that the consumption of ready-mixed concrete for private building per capita has been almost uniform throughout Japan. The uniformity has been a little bit smaller for public buildings. On the other hand, the consumption of ready-mixed concrete for highway has been less uniform and the consumption per capita has been larger in the rural areas than in the urban areas.

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The influence of the economic growth on the consumption of cement, defined as the index for the demand for the construction, was investigated in terms of the consumption of cement per unit GDP in each country in the world. It was found that intermediate GDP per capita existed for the maximum consumption of cement per capita and that in the countries in which the economy has already been developed highly the consumption of cement was decreased from the peak.

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Currently, the investment on Japanese public construction is gradually decreasing. Moreover, companies' revenue and operating income is growing, probably because they concentrate their operation only in the construction phase of the project. In this article, it was investigated the characteristic of business and overseas strategy of Japanese construction companies by comparing with other Japanese companies and foreign contractors from the view point of revenue, operating income ratio and R&D cost.

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The objectives of this paper are to analyze trust between administrator and Japanese nation and to discuss roles of NPO in restoring trust in infrastructure development and management. Recently, the both of social uncertainty and opportunity costs associated with infrastructure development and management may increase due to elicitation of “private” in the administrator and “multi-faceted” actions by each individual as an “resident” or a “citizen” other than a nation. To “reform” the administrator and the individual, each party is required to enhance his/her trustworthiness, develop social uncertainty, and nurture an attitude to trust others.

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Decreasing amount of investment in construction industry, reconsideration of many public projects, no more dams declaration, privatizing Japan Highway, people's eyes toward the construction industry is now getting to be cool and the people are suspicions of the industry. In this situation, civil engineers in Japan do not give appropriate answers to the people. Civil engineers in this country have been spending lots of affords in the area of development of construction technologies. Actually they have quite advanced technologies for design and construction. However they are very weak in the construction management. As a matter of fact, many civil engineers in this country do not aware that the construction management is one of essential technologies. This must be the reason why they do not make clear answers to the people's suspicions. It is quite important to educate civil engineers in the area of management. This study is regarding the matters of how to recognize construction management and how to build up appropriate education programs for construction management in the country.

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It is investigated about the changes of population and national land use in Japan in the past about 2000 years. And it is shown the population change in the last 100 years and for the next 100 years. And it is clarified that 1) In the last 2000 years, Japan has the three times of rapidly population increasing and large-scale development of floodplain. 2) the Japanese population changes in the last 100 years can be called “population explosion”, and the predicted population changes in the Monsoon Asian countries for the next 100 years will have same tendency of this “population explosion” in Japan, and 3) from these result, it could be expected that Asian Countries will meet the similar problems for river environment which Japan has experienced in the future.
To cope up with these problems. the network for river environment focusing on Asia should be established.

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In this paper, we discussed the effectiveness and cost reduction of using temporary cutoff walls as preventive measures against liquefaction. The U-type retaining walls studied here are based on the liquefiable soil strata. We carried out a comparative study for the effectiveness and cost of some preventive measures against liquefaction. We concluded that making use of cutoff walls is most effective in terms of preventive effect and cost reduction. Effective stress analyses revealed that the stresses of cutoff walls were almost within the allowable stresses under seismic loading. We found that the rigidity between cutoff walls and underground structure plays an important role for the safety of cutoff walls. A quantitative estimation method was verified to be valid for the principle of this countermeasure that “The liquefiable soil just below the underground structure is made as a closed space”. As the result, it is concluded that the practical design method of cutoff walls against liquefaction is shown here based upon the results calculated by a beam-spring model taking the decrease in rigidity of non-liquefiable layer, liquefied soil-water pressure acting against the wall, and so on, into consideration.

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The method of town development established in early 20^th century such as Letchworth in UK has been expanded to many town development in the world. It is however, now day, those methods have been brought of many problems not to be adapted to modern social and economical conditions too. To give actual examples, these problems are enlargement of risk in project, nonsensical standardization of house and town and disruption of local community.
This paper will present the essence of study for new development concept to overcome the bottleneck in usual town development. We will study the history of town development in Japan and in western countries, find out new concept from outcome of many new town to be developed until today.
We will believe firmly to create a new method of town development from this concept.

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This study develops the decision-making model, which made the norm the risk aiming at extending the examination from a viewpoint of the conventional disaster prevention to structure management for a slope among road structures. Specifically in consideration of the performance deterioration about the stability of a slope, the life cycle cost based on the risk assessment result at the time of assuming rain as a natural hazard is calculated. Also, its attention is paid to the performance deterioration resulting from the groundwater counter measurement system by this study. It expresses using a multi-tank model about the groundwater behavior used as the performance deterioration. Furthermore, while making reference about the influence affect the calculation result of the life cycle cost paying attention to a social discount rate, the appraisal method which results in planning of the optimal maintenance repair plan based on risk assessment is proposed.

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Steel bridge industry expanding for about 40 years has reached its peak at the end of 20th century. 600 to 900 thousands ton of steel were fabricated every year for bridge construction in 1990s, which had exceeded the total amount of the construction in America and Europe. Development of knowledge and technology of steel material, high tensile strength bolt, welding and devices for fabrication and erection and also computer technology has been making increase the efficiency, the quality and the safety of bridge construction. Procurement system for steel bridge construction had started to change in 1990s.
In this paper the process of the development of steel bridge construction is clarified and the characteristics of Japanese steel bridge industry has been researched from the comparative viewpoint between Japan and western countries.

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The outline of the safety and health policy in European Union is firstly introduced. Next, activity of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, in which a safety and health programs are implemented through information network activity, are surveyed with some practice examples. Finally, new approach for improvement of working conditions on construction sites, introducing a new concept of safety and health coordination in design and construction stage, is explained, then education and training system for these coordinators are discussed.

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The franchise system was introduced to the construction industry in Japan where a need for modernization and efficiency has been growing. The franchise system, introduced from the US and intended to help implement organizational strategies more effectively, changed the industry drastically. A survey was conducted to franchisees in the soil improvement market to examine their satisfaction level and to explore opportunities for improvement. A recommendation was made to establish a new network system.

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This paper describes the comparison of construction management of large scale offshore road and railway project mainly between Oresund Link project, Trans Tokyo Bay Highway project and Tamagawa and Kawasaki Kouro Submerged tunnel of Metropolitan Highway, especially in contract conditions, organization of owner and incentives for participants of project. From the study, many differences for contract condition, organization of owner, quality control management system, design changing procedure and incentive for participants of project are pointed out. These factors make construction period of Japanese large scale offshore road and railway construction project as mentioned in this paper longer. From this study, effective construction management for the big construction project in future is proposed.

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Construction of two 1, 000m deep shafts and several drifts has been started for Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory Project, which is expected to contribute to the establishment of scientific basis for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. In order to enhance the technology and safety in this construction work, total evaluation method, which Land, Infrastructure and Transport Ministry of Japan has been applied to several public works, was applied to the open bidding of this project. The whole construction work was divided into two areas, and in the bidding, bidders were required to present technical proposals, which were reflected to contract documents for another construction area. This paper describes details of bidding system applied to the construction work of Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory.

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Recently, public concerns for infrastructure projects have demanded new knowledges and technologies with changes of internationalization, global environment issue, social needs and so on.
Technical education programs have been implemented for port engineers in Hokkaido Regional Department Bureau since1996. The characteristics of programs are to promote technical capabilities for public organizations as well as port engineers and to evaluate technical results carried out in each public works.
The framework of technical promotion programs also includes own evaluation of indivisual engineers involved in annual projects. The plans of technical goal and improvement are to be presented by each engineer who engages in infrastructure works in the next year.

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The demolition of buildings produces enormous amounts of waste materials that are hardly reused or recycled and therefore result in significant waste streams to landfills. This research aims to develop a Web-based information system for promoting management methodologies for demolition projects. Instead of the waste materials exchange in current online waste material management systems, this research aims to explore the possibility of exchange of demolition projects, by which the utilization of demolished materials may be ascertained before the demolition action is actually produced. With reference of the needs and difficulties of online drawing acquisition in architecture and building discipline, an online multimedia data acquisition tool is developed to collect the drawing data of a project to be demolished. Following the introduction for developing a Web-based distributed database system, a prototyped information system is demonstrated in detail through the system environment, structure and functions.

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In the field of construction economics, input-output analysis based studies have attracted a lot of interest from the academics and researchers. The wide efforts are to carry out analyses and comparisons of economic indicators in construction sectors across countries and years. There has been little research modelling the construction productivity using input-output tables. This research takes advantage of the input-output analysis to develop a perspective for determining the productivity of an industrial sector. The developed quantitative formulas are fully based on the economic indicators generated from an input-output table. Using the newly published OECD input-output database, historical analyses and comparisons are carried out to indicate the differences of productivities of the construction sectors in Australia and Japan.

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This paper focuses on the construction cost volatility for the purpose of private sector investment decision process. In this process, sponsors and lenders normally use IRR and DSCR (Debt Service Coverage Ratio). A case project, a 1, 000 MW pumped storage hydropower plant, has shown that its financial effects by cost volatility of underground works are less measured than interest rates impact on the financial model. Probabilistic analysis of costs under geotechnical conditions has been made by Indicator Kriging method. And in the modeling of interest rates, geometric brown motion has been applied.

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Our staffs of the prefectual ground completion division in Wakayama prefecture played training with Disaster Imagination Game. This method is used to improve the regident's power of the disaster prevention. This time we operated a test, we confirmed that, this method is effective to improve the ability of the emergency response. To be more effective and fixed for the disaster prevention technology, we are tackling with three points, that is, (1) To make a training program, (2) To play gaming with trainings, (3) To bring up the expert of the disaster prevention technology. I report about above matters.

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“Sapporo QMS” was organized effective April 1, 2004 for the purpose of providing quality management systems in the small and medium size construction businesses. While trend of public works reduction continues, seventy of operation environment surrounding the construction industry has intensified because of lower profit rate and increased competition. Based on the overall support plan of Sapporo Municipal Office for depressed businesses such as the construction industry, and by support of local construction businesses that are already registered in the ISO regulation, we have been promoting organization of original local standard for the small to medium size construction industries. Thus, NPO corporation, “Sapporo QMS” was born to act as an organization of examination and registration authorization with citizen's participation. Being led by volunteers' work, the main feature of the organization is to decrease economic burden as well as making program contents simpler for the small to medium size construction businesses. We are certain that this organization is able to not only promote independence and improvement of small to medium construction businesses that delicately correspond to the needs of its citizens but also support the standardization of its regional city positively and its true meaning of small to medium construction bussinesses in the region as local standards. We are also certain that it is possible to expect local economic revitalization and redevelopment by offering inexpensive yet high quality social manp6wer capital.

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This paper suggests establishing an open lecture on public development to make consensus building process more efficient. We conducted content analysis to the conference note of civil meeting concerning a new project of a subway construction in Sendai city, in order to understand present circumstance of consensus building process. As a result of the analysis, it was showed that citizens in Sendai city were concerned with following topics; 1) fairness of consensus building process, 2) financial condition of the city and project cost, 3) assertion of incredibility against the administration, and so on. In addition, it was also showed that about 20 percent of all questions were unimportant as much as avoided, if people have basic knowledge of civil engineering. Hence, if unnecessary questions are decreased by that people learn knowledge of infrastructure management in an open lecture, constructive argument will increase and the process will be mode efficient. Consequently, it is concluded that we should establish an open lecture system on infrastructure development and we should supply the opportunities to learn the knowledge of public management for citizens.

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