Providing smart tourism services are required in order to enjoy comfortable tourism for tourist. As one of them, many recommender systems based on the user's tourist history and preference have been proposed. On the other hand, in the field of marketing, research on recommendations focusing on psychological factors such as personality and motivation has been conducted in recent years. However, there are few in the field of tourism. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the relationship between tourists' individual characteristics and tourism behavior to clarify what kind of recommendations should be made to users with what characteristics. We are conducting a questionnaire survey of 1,000 people assuming sightseeing in Kyoto. As a result of verification, it has been confirmed that tourism behavior is different depending on tourists' individual characteristics. Based on the results, we are considering tourism recommendations tailored to individual characteristics, such as indicating the popularity of a tourist spot for highly cooperative tourists and displaying reviews from other tourists.

Companies are expected to establish accountability and address shareholders' questions during annual shareholder meetings. Nevertheless, in Japan, the meeting dates of listed companies tend to concentrate on a specific time frame in late June. Shareholders with diversified stock portfolios may encounter difficulties in attending such meetings owing to overlapping dates. Therefore, shareholders can neither participate in arguments during meetings nor gain information from meetings; accordingly, meeting dates should be dispersed, and opportunities for shareholders to participate in such meetings should be guaranteed. Thus, identifying firm-specific characteristics that help avoid overlapping meeting dates or contribute to the dispersion of meeting dates is crucial to research.

The present study empirically reveals that companies with a more aggressive transparency-oriented stance on internal control system development hold annual shareholder meetings when fewer companies do, after controlling other factors that affect the dispersion of meeting dates. Primarily, this study indicates that such companies hold their meetings on dates with the lowest concentration of meetings, after controlling these factors. Thus, the study provides evidence that a great transparency-oriented corporate stance regarding internal control system development, which is the corporate perception that no one can directly observe, is a firm-specific characteristic contributing to the dispersion of annual shareholder meeting dates.

First, using quantitative text analysis, this study measures and quantifies a transparency-oriented corporate stance by examining companies' timely disclosure of basic policies on internal control system development in compliance with the Japanese Companies Act. Furthermore, this study examines the causal relationship between such a stance and the dispersion of the dates of annual shareholder meetings.

In recent years, various payment methods have been introduced and consumers can select one that suits their lifestyle. In addition, the information accessed when making payments, such as the deposit account balance and payment limit, differs across payment methods. Thus, it is expected that users' preferences, in terms of how they want to manage and use their information, has a significant influence on their choice of payment method.

Credit cards and debit cards are examples of payment methods that have access to different levels of personal information. A debit card can access the user's deposit account balance, updating the balance each time a payment is made. However, what kind of consumers prefer debit cards and what kind of anxiety people who do not use debit cards face are topics that have not been empirically examined thus far.

Accordingly, this study examines the factors influencing people's preference for debit cards over credit cards as their primary payment method, and considers the impression consumers receive from payment method access to deposit account information. Analysis using the probit model estimation of Kanto and Kyushu residents showed that men and women who value account balance management tend to use debit cards. In addition, we confirmed that men tend to use debit cards because they value the prevention of overuse, whereas women do not.