The Kingdom of Bhutan, located in the Himalayas, closed its doors to foreign countries until 1960s. After it opened, Bhutan started to be a modern state for a half century. In 2008, the King of Bhutan decided to democratize his country and convene the first Parliament. It was an unprecedented event in history.

On the other hand, there was no mass media in this tiny country until 1990s. In 1999, the King also decided to lift the ban on information technology like TV and Internet. It was rare case that TV broadcasting and Internet service started at the same time.

This paper shows that the history of democracy and information society in Bhutan and examines the correlation between them. Before that, theoretical stream of the relationship between democracy and information society in our modern history should be reviewed.

The main part of this paper must be the field research and analysis about the National Assembly election of Bhutan in 2013, as the case of practice for democracy. The research questions are as follows: what was the role of Bhutanese media in this election, what kind of information led Bhutanese voters to decision making. In conclusion, the theoretical model and Bhutanese practical model of the relationship between Government, Media, and Citizens are compared. And this comparison shows the progress of democracy and the role of media in Bhutan these days.

The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the role of Frieda Hennock, first woman appointed in 1948 to the Federal Communications Commission. Particularly, this paper focuses on the motivation behind her promotion of educational broadcasting by analyzing her notes, letters, papers, and mimeographed speeches during her term in FCC.

The origin of public broadcasting system in the United States can be traced back to the radio stations operated by the land-grant universities. These university-operated radio stations were later called educational broadcasting stations. In the 1930's, the numbers of educational broadcasting stations diminished due to the rapid rise of commercial broadcasting networks. However, these educational broadcasting stations got some renewed attention from educators after World WarⅡ, and there was an increasing demand for re-building educational broadcasting networks. These later became known as public broadcasting.

Hennock undertook an important role in the development of U.S. broadcasting industries, and set the groundwork for the development of educational broadcasting. Hennock also tried to improve the gender balance in the industries. Although there are previous studies on her achievements in the United States, little is known about the significance of Hennock's thoughts underlying her promotion of educational broadcasting. Moreover, Hennock's role is not mentioned in the analysis of American public broadcasting history conducted in Japan.

This study will contribute to an examination of Hennock's philosophy and its relevance for today's media industries, helping to fill a gap in media history of the U.S. and Japan.

This paper aims to analyze our society not from the viewpoint of informatization but consumerization and individualization of information. Our life is increasingly filled with information, but as Webster argues, describing our society as information society doesn't much help us understand its qualitative features. We should rather look into consumerization and individualization of information.

Capitalism forces consumers to buy commodities. Market was once mostly materialistic, but later capitalism has spread into more informational aspects of our life. This mechanism, which we call consumerization of information, helps us grasp the driving force of informational business.

Castells finds that "networked individualism" is the typical lifestyle of the network society. This suggests that information is not only being consumerized, but individualized. Beck's famous analysis of individualization reveals that it is not families or corporations but individuals that are taking charge of the course of their life. From the informational point of view, this means people are increasingly forced to act as players of game theory, where they calculate expected utility based on probabilistic information. Such orientation is the result of the mixture of consumerization and individualization of information. Evolutionary game theory, however, suggests that we human beings are not suited for such rational calculation but rather emotionally relate to other people.

Individualization may proceed in the future, but Beck and Beck-Gernsheim's theorization suggests that it is social differentiation into sub-systems that are driving individualization. If this is the case, consumerization of information should be limited to a certain degree, and multiple self would be the defining characteristics of the individualized society.

In this paper, we seek to lay the foundations of the ethical issues revolving around how to place the third boom in artificial intelligence, while relying on the theory of neocybernetics, in particular autopoiesis theory. Autopoiesis refers to a self-producing system what characterizes living beings. However, the artificial intelligence developed in this third boom are allopoietic machines, which must give outputs in accordance with the purposes that humans have set, and do not produce themselves. Therefore, they do not satisfy the requirements of attributing responsibility, and it is difficult to impose responsibility on these artificial intelligences themselves. Therefore, the ethics related to this artificial intelligence simply reduce to ethics on the human level. Nevertheless, human beings often personify non-living things. They particularly feel affection toward things that are modeled after living things. If it comes to a point where too many people pour too much affection into artificial intelligence, we will have to deal with it on a societal level. Even in such a case, we must bear in mind that artificial intelligence are allopoietic machines and are different from natural persons and juridical person.