In this paper I examined the outcome and process of the short-term type of encounter groupas a 2-day commute method of training of counseling. Members of encounter group were 12working men and women learning counseling. Control group was composed of 28 students ofthe nursing department. The significant differences were found in Fr of Japanese version ofPOI, NP of egogram,and C and A of Y-G personality test. Four kinds of self-concepts( real self,ideal self, member self, and facilitator self) and two kinds of recognitions of others (facilitatorand atmosphere of the group) were measured five times by SD method using 16 pairs ofadjectives. The changes of self-concept and recognition of others were found in "ideal self" and"recognition of atmosphere of group" The discrepancy scores between "recognition ofatmosphere of the group" and "real self" became small, and "recognition of atmosphere ofgroup" approached "real silf" gradually.

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According to cognitive linguistics, our daily experiences produce our basic concepts like inoutand up-down. The aim of the present paper is to show that coming is closely related withseeing in that if an object moves to the speaker/hearer it can be seen by the speaker/hearer.It is expected that abstract English expressions like "The company came into existence" maybe taught to Japanese learners of English by using this method, without relying on rotelearning.

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The sectors that make up the real economy mutually cover the fixed costs for maintainingproductivity. The theory of social cost-shifting passed on from J. M. Clark to K. W. Kapp showsthat shifting costs from one sector of an organic mutually supportive network has a chaineffect on other connected sectors, possibly leading to a serious recession and a decline inproductivity. This clearly differs from theory of cost-shifting based on marginal costs inmainstream economics.

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The present study compared the quality of life (QOL) of Japanese and Finnish children inrelation to their friendships and school lives to examine the characteristics of Japanesechildren. A questionnaire survey was conducted involving 1,420 Japanese and 397 Finnishchildren. The QOL of the Japanese children in relation to their school lives was lower than thatof Finnish ones. There was a significant correlation between "Japanese children's pleasure ofattending school" and their QOL score in relation to friendships. The results suggest thatrelationships with friends in school life are significantly important for Japanese children. It isnecessary to conduct further research to analyze children's relationships with friends, andexamine factors influencing children's school life-associated QOL.

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Mirror neuron is said to be a discovery of century, but it's philosophical meanings are notsufficiently clarified yet. In the context of the modern philosophy denying concepts of being orego, we can find its critical significance. The Function of mirror neurons that recognizes bodyof others is a priori for human cognitive abilities. So ego is a posteriori, and it is natural tothink that the concept of being also derived from concept of others. Concept of individual ingeneral can be thought to be derived from concept of others. The concept of "concept" itselfcan be considered copy of others too. In addition, considering the function of uncinatefasciculus, meaning of being can be considered as fear.

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"Civilization" is defined as a form of metabolism and circulation, storage and control ofmaterials, energy and information between the human and nature. Type of civilization basedon this metabolism form are the hunter-gatherer type, the agricultural-pastoral type, themining-industrial type and the environmental-information type civilization. The miningindustrialtype is dependent on the underground resources, it has accumulated an enormousartificial materials and waste on the ground. The environmental-information type will be tomove away from excessive dependence of underground resources, on top of the advancedinformation technology infrastructure, cyclical use of the stored ground resources will beattained, also energy resources will higher return to the large-scale use of renewable energyoriginating from the current energy of the sun.

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