Flammability of carbonate esters, organic solvents often used in Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB), are investigated by using wick-LOC method. The wick-LOC method is a newly developed approach suitable for liquid fuel flammability quantification, which includes wick combustion system and controlling system of the oxygen-nitrogen ratio of external flow. After ignition is attained at the tip of wick soaked with target liquid fuel oxygen concentration in the external flow is gradually decreased up to extinction happens. The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) to sustain the wick flame is defined as wick-LOC as an indicator of liquid fuel flammability in this work. The wick-LOC of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is around 15.9% at 10cm/s of external flow velocity and it increases with increase in the external flow velocity. The wick-LOC of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is 1% less than that of DMC. The mixture of EMC and cyclic carbonate ester shows linear change in wick-LOC proportional to the mixing ratio. The addition of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) as fire retardants results in significant increase in wick-LOC and it is more effective in the range of low OPCs addition. The results of this work provide useful information for the improvement of LIB fire safety.

Carbonate esters are widely used as electrolytes in commercial lithium-ion batteries and are also attracting attention as promising bio-derived fuels. To obtain systematic understanding of the oxidation and pyrolysis characteristics of three linear carbonate esters, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), based on their molecular structures, their gas-phase reactivities and species evolution were examined using a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile. A first comprehensive chemical reaction model of DMC, DEC and EMC was developed based on literature data. From a comparison of weak flame positions of the three linear carbonate esters, the reactivity of DMC was found to be lower than that of DEC and EMC. Based on a computational heat release rate profile, DEC and EMC showed three-stage reactions driven by thermal decomposition reactions of the fuel, while DMC showed a two-stage reaction. In DEC and EMC oxidation as well as pyrolysis, measured CO₂ and C₂H₄ mole fractions started increasing at low temperatures (around maximum wall temperature of 750 K). This trend, however, did not appear in DMC oxidation nor pyrolysis. These differences in gas-phase reactivity and reactions result from whether the fuel molecular structure consists of an ethyl (or ethyl ester) group or not.

症例は72歳男性．他院で本態性血小板血症に対してヒドロキシカルバミド内服による治療が行われていたが，血小板数は150×10⁴/µL前後で推移していた．右第4趾壊死の精査加療で当科を受診し，下肢動脈造影検査で右前脛骨動脈，腓骨動脈，足底動脈の閉塞が指摘された．適切な血小板数管理の後に下肢血行再建術を予定していたが，壊死が進行しつつあったため手術を行った．術前からのヒドロキシカルバミド，アピキサバン，アスピリン内服に加えて，術後はヘパリン持続点滴，クロピドグレル内服追加による血栓症対策を行った．グラフトの血栓閉塞は認めなかった．趾切断は不可避であり創治癒に時間を要したが下肢大切断は回避することができ，術後第124病日に軽快退院した．血小板数管理は不良であったが，2剤の抗血小板療法と1剤の抗凝固療法の3剤併用により術後グラフト閉塞を起こすことなく救肢し得た．

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