On Shanghai,China redevelopment is done on scale that cannot be found the past. In recent years, the focus of urban development in process of metro improvement shift to the focus of station from the focus of street by degrees. Redevelopment around the station is uniformity everywhere owing to take top priority economic development and returning investment. This situation haven't sustainable possibilities of the commercial city. So we indicate the focus of urban development shift to the focus of station from the focus of street.After that considering of the commercial function, we intend to clear the area is already done development of actual condition and abstract occurring the point at issue and problems.

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Traffic generated from residential land uses and traffic attracted to employment zones contributes the most to person kilometers of travel. The journey-to-work travel depends on the city structure, such as population size, shape or land-use pattern (spatial distribution of residential and employment zones). The fundamental importance of the average length of commuting trips as a measure of sustainability is widely recognized by researchers. Relationship between the spatial distribution of residential and employment zones and journey-to-work trip length is investigated based on the three different spatial distribution indexes of homes and work places. These indexes are tested with data for Sapporo, Asahikawa, Hakodate, Kushiro and Murora in Hokkaido

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The objective of this study is to identify the evaluation characteristics of international tourists by comparing with Japanese counterparts and also the two different destinations visited. The findings of a questionnaire survey asking about on-site behavior, pre-trip expectation/post-trip evaluation of activities and overall trip evaluation showed the differences among them. Further, international tourists were compared by country of residence. It was found that SD of each group's evaluation was very close although the average score differed. Then, the results of multivariate analyses of the data of 525 respondents specified the 12 segments in a cross-sectional manner.

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This study aims to clarify the relationship between the tourism area development process of the tourism area and the change of opinions in articles on local newspaper, "Sanyou shinbun" in tourist destination of historical townscape, Kurashiki that has been developed since early period. Analysis shows that, 1) The development process of tourism area is divided into 5 terms in Kurashiki. 2) Residents agree with conservation of townscape whichever the number of visitors' increases or decreases. 3) Residents always keep censorious attitude on tourism development.

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This research aims to clarify the maturity stage of the tourism area of the Karuizawa Town. Firstly, as the method of the research, based on the articles on "Shinano Mainichi Newspapers" the discussions are sorted according to various points. The characteristics of the consolidation and stability stage, and the various prpblems and the future vision after the consolidation and stability stage are grasped. As the analysis results, 1) the consolidation and stability stage can be divided in detail by the point under discussion such as "Tourist style", "Villa area and villa owners", and "Shopping street" and their tone of argument. 2) "The villa area and the villa owners" can be the factor that cause the conflict. While, It has come to draw the future vision that makes the condition of villa area of prewar days a starting point.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the Public Rent-a-Cycle System in 23 wards and the feature of the utilization for tourism. Findings are as follows: 1) Bicycle which unlike the traditional recognition is advantageous in terms of environment and tourism in national policy and institution. 2) The conduct of districts are depending on awareness of bicycle. 3) Rent-a-Cycle user field of activities are depending on conditions of location and the spec of bicycle and for districts effectively is carried on Rent-a-Cycle it necessary on Broad-based approach of districts.

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The aim of this paper is to clarifying the use realities of the sidewalk cafe on the public space of Kyobashi riverside in Hiroshima city, and the effect which makes the town lively by taking up the sidewalk cafe that builts in the Kyobashi riverside where 2.5 years have already been passed since it was opened, and investigating consciousness of residents live around the space, and to assume future tasks.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the feature of the actual state of staying by elderly visitors and the maintenance of the staying space intending Sugamo Jizo-Dori shopping mall.The findings are as follows: 1) Nine features of staying space are clarified. 2) Elderly visitors tend to stay in a sitting position, and stay in a space which has some benches. The features are that they create "Sitting Space" where there are no benches, so they actively look for sitting space and built the situation. 3) A group including elderly people stays in the shopping area longer than a group not including elderly people, but the total length of the walking distance is shorter, and staying time at one time tends to longer.

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This paper aims to clear that some influence of Design guidelines for residential areas townscape on the rebuilding actions of council housing estates at Birmingham City in UK. From this study, following matters cleared; 1)in Birmingham city, the townscape of renewed estates have been lead through by the contents of guide line at that times, such as 1987 edit and 2001edit. 2) main change about policy of townscape design between this term the road pattern system changed from Cul-de-sacs system to irregular grid pattern, and reinforcing crime prevention. 3)the difference of Birmingham Design guide and that of Essex Design guide are treatments of front garden design, and the former keeps front garden with car parking, while the later housing layout are without them and with back garden car parking..

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This paper examines on the roles, constitution and implementation of urban design system in city planning of City of Seattle. The Seattle Comprehensive Plan is based on the identification and intensification of urban village. This paper reveals design guidelines and design review process plays important roles to realize strategy of urban villages. Design review process is operated by design review boards and a component of a Master Use Permit application based on a set of citywide design guideline and specific design guideline of some urban village areas where show certain characteristics. Design review has three purposes and guidelines have five design components. Design review and design guidelines play as a process of public and professional involvement and efficient methods to realize urban growth strategy with enhanced urban environment in Seattle.

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This paper explores the ways in which support local authorities, clients and developers to improve their development projects that form urban amenity and living environment. Particularly it is looking at design guiding and review system implemented by the Commission for Architecture and Built Environment (CABE) in UK. CABE has supported to bring good designed developments through their services, such as enabling, design reviewing, education and researching. Through the hearing research with members in CABE and the case studies, this paper demonstrates CABE's timely, seamless and experienced supports into processes of developing projects have assiated to improve project schemes and resulted to deliver good living environment.

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It became possible that an individual outdoor advertisement policy was developed in the municipality which became a landscape administrative organization by the enactment of the Landscape Act and the revision of the Outdoor Advertisement Act in 2004. This research aims at explaining the intention of the outdoor advertisement administration of the initial stage term by the landscape plan of municipality like this. The individual posture based on the clear critical mind by choosing the limitation items of the outdoor advertisement in the landscape plan actively is shown in many municipalities. The municipality which have a definite problem in the outdoor advertisement enact the outdoor advertisement ordinance early and they are developing an individual policy.

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This paper shows a new method of population projection by two observation-years population data with many small districts. We apply the cohort component method to our model. And, the applied result of the method to the data of local city (Yamagata-shi) is discussed. Three problems for population forecast in small district are discussed. As a result of analysis of data, the model of this paper divides districts into four kinds of quasi sub-districts. Also, our model has two kinds of parameters, one is regional common parameter and the other is individual parameter in each district. Finally, we project and analyze population of 2005 using 1995 and 2000 data.

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This study focused on landscape standards of municipalities based on Landscape Law in Kanagawa prefecture. Many municipalities started operating this law after 2004. One of the main systems of this law is landscape standard of landscape plan, so this study deals with the landscape standards, and grasps contents of these standards, role-sharing between principles and standard, relations with relevant standards by other regulation. The contents of the landscape standards are different from each municipality, very limited type, and wide variety type. The municipalities have other related regulation, but usually they do not incorporate these regulations in the landscape standards. This study proposes the establishment of utilization of common sense when inspecting buildings by using landscape standards.

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The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between Scenic District and conservation of greenery landscape in the case of Shoutenyama district in Osaka City. The main conclusions are as follows. Only about 12% of the areas of greenery space at 1933 are conserved. On the other hand, about 16.5ha of greenery space have appeared. Scenic District at the present is more effective to conserve the greenery space than Scenic District at the past because it has the regulation standard. The greenery space on the steep slope tends to be preserved than on the low pitch place. The greenery space in the large blocks tends to be preserved than small blocks.

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The 'landscape district' system of Kyoto city has been a pioneer in the conservation of historic landscapes. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of 'landscape districts' in the conservation of historic Kyoto. Analysis of the designation process, extensions made to the districts, and characteristics in the evolution of their designation and use has led to two main conclusions. Firstly, the consensus which motivated citizens from the very beginning made it possible for Kyoto to designate extensive 'landscape districts'. Secondly, the 'landscape district' system in Kyoto has had a development of its own with various improvements made in the course of its evolution.

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The Chiba Prefecture has emanated the first ordinance of landscape in the march of 2008. It is important to find landscape resources and those evaluations. This study is forcused on the "Mizuka" and hedges, which are cultural landscape characters near the Tone-river in the northern part of the prefecture. Totally 101 "Mizuka" and 88 hedges are found in the reseach. 41% of "Mizuka" with the store is well maintained, but 38% is partially destroyed. The Town of Sakae, the most "Mizuka" found in the town, has 59 "Mizuka" and 61 hedges. The problem is clarified that the half of owners has the positive consideration for "Mizuka" and hedges, but the rest half has negative.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze user's preferences over dogrun facilities in city parks by using a choice modeling approach. The graphics and text format of choice sets were used to test the performance of both formats as means of information transmission. The dogrun is mostly built in a park in order to let dogs play inside a fence without a lead. Stated preferences data for graphics and text format choice sets and user's revealed preference data were collected at Komazawa Olympic park and Jyohoku central park. The data were analyzed by a mixed logit model which allowed individual taste heterogeneity. The differences in the two formats appeared apparently in the number of timbers, which was easily transmitted to the respondents as visual information. Willingness to pay of users for a dogrun was estimated at about 235 - 486 yen per use.

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This paper analyzes the effect of lawn tramway track which was built in Kagoshima-City as the first longl-distance lawn tramway track in Japan extending for 2.8 kilometers. A result the temperature measurement of the surface of tramway track has shown the easing of heat island. And a result the sound-level measurement has shown the great reduction of the noise along the route. Moreover, a result of questionnaire survey to tram passengers and inhabitants along the route has shown a contribution to improvement of an attraction of the town. This paper shows that building the lawn tramway track is very good for using the tram effectively.

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This study aimed to examine the thermal condition in and around a small city using airborne MSS data. Observation by airborne multi-spectral scanner (MSS) was performed for the Tonami district, Toyama, Japan. The highest temperatures of treetop of homestead woodland in Tonami were considered to be equal to air temperature from the viewpoint of the heat balance, so were extracted and plotted in the map. The result indicated that the temperatures of treetop in urban district were 0.5 to 1.0 degrees higher than them of surrounding areas, and the influences of urban heat island phenomenon were observed in the range of 1km from the boundary in leeward.

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In snow and cold cities, providing desirable pedestrian environment against snow and strong wind is one of the big issues on urban design in those cities. Author had the original and unique approaches comparing to the environmental assessment on the pedestrian spaces between Twin tower building and Complex tower building block using the wind tunnel simulation in downtown Sapporo. At the result, the Twin tower building block caused much snow scatter and snowdrift on the surrounding public spaces, especially on the pedestrian way. For protecting the pedestrian spaces against snow and strong wind, tower buildings should be designed at the low-level. It has happened to cause the negative impact of snow and wind for pedestrian environment.

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The victims that their physical assets are damaged by a natural disaster may be requested to procure necessary financial resources from financial bodies other than their own financial assets. But, if they are under the liquidity constraints, they can not procure necessary fund, they may be damaged by the delay of the recovery processes. In this paper, the micro evaluation model is presented to measure the victims' economic losses driven by the recovery delay. The macro evaluation model is formulated to aggregate the individual losses to the total economic loss in the whole regions. A case study is carried out in Toyooka city to investigate the applicability of the methodology presented in the paper.

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On urban improvement for the earthquake disaster, it is important to consider the human behavior for prevention choice. In this paper, we analyze the structure on selective behavior for the earthquake disaster. First, we show a summary of the investigation focusing multipurpose prevention effect. Second, using AHP, we grasp personal importance for prevention choice. Finally, we discuss decision makings for collective selection. The results are as follows. According to average priorities, they think much of crisis for their life, rebuilding, retrofitting, and fixation of the furniture. And, by cluster analysis, we can classify some characteristic groups in their valuation.

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Recently, small-scale parking lots remarkably have increased in most of city centers, although the profit of parking lot is generally smaller than that of commercial land use. This kind of phenomenon can not be explained by a normal economic land use theory which base on the rule of simple profitability competition. Then, in this study the relation between a commercial location and the parking lot location in a city center is modeled in consideration of the influence of the uncertainty in the economic condition.

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In order to design institutional arrangements as well as to make preliminary considerations of temporary housing countermeasures following a large urban disaster such as anticipated Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake, social micro simulation is a one of the most useful research approach. To construct a reliable micro simulation, we developed household's behavior model of temporary housing choice. Also, we constructed the database of rental housing and construction sites of the prefabs. In this study, we developed a micro simulation model for temporary housing countermeasures using earthquake damage assessment. Also we conducted policy analysis of temporary housing assistance after the Tokyo metropolitan earthquake using the constructed micro simulation model.

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This paper is an analysis report of a questionnaire research for current residents who live in the stricken area by the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. In the urban area called Hanshin district, many buildings were reconstructed and these environment have been changing since 1995. This research clarified as follows, 1- Resident's consciousness for current urban amenity differs from area to area, 2- Residents have feelings of the improvement of convenience of life, the decrease of town activity and the attenuation of human relation, 3- For the urban reconstruction process, the reconstruction plan is less-conscious for current residents in disaster areas. It is necessary of effective planning methods, techniques, theory for the disaster reconstruction plan.

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In the Mid Niigata Earthquake, there are many landslides in the mountains area and the suburban hillside area and many villages are unable to be reconstructed in the original sites. Therefore, these villages are reconstructed through the projects of houses relocation for disaster prevention into safe sites, which are located partly near the old villages and partly near the central town. These houses relocation projects are evaluated variously according to the geographical and social characteristics of villages and to the relocation types. We implemented the questionnaire survey for each sufferer whose house is relocated. As a result, most of them are satisfied. But it is clarified that there are problems, such as the environmental capability of villagers against the new living conditions and the continuity of agriculture in the existing farmlands in the mountains, in the case of relocation of houses into the suburban zone of central town far from the old village in mountains.

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This study aims to grasp popular sector's presence in the reconstruction process of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, referring history of housing policy and of tenant movement as background of victims' movement. As results, 1. The Democratic Convention for Reconstruction of the Housing Recovery Program, which is unique for the restoration process of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, led massive housing supply for the low-income families by the government, keeping the standard proposed by the NGO. 2. This convention created the room for the particular housing reconstruction projects and the comprehensive community development attempted by the NGO.

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This study examines the achievement degree of recovery status and challenges for post-disaster recovery planning in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina Disaster(2005) in terms of urban safety, livable and sustainable city and linkage between individual housing recovery and neighborhood level recovery.In conclusion, the recovery plan is not functioned as urban safety plan including mitigation and preparedness for flood risk, and pursuing more livable and sustainable city diminished in implementation stage after planning phase.It is important to disclose sufficient information of appropriation of land by city government, and involve more stakeholders in order to promote individuals' housing rebuilding coordinated with commercial development and restoration of neighborhood social service.

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After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the Sri Lankan Government provided three types of houses for the victims (temporary shelters, transitional houses, and permanent houses). The authors conducted several field surveys and interviews in the damaged area to understand the recovery conditions, and obtained data set, which had been collected for 13 months since December 2004 by Rebuilding and Development Agency. This paper discusses how to develop the recovery curves for recovery process and demonstrates the curves for the transitional houses and the permanent houses in Sri Lanka, which quantitatively describe regional differences in recovery process.

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The paper argues about several challenges in application of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) to urban planning system in Japan from the viewpoint of planning structure and process, mainly based on review of existing references and supplementarily on some interviews to advanced cases of municipalities. Problems derived from original defects of present Japanese system like vague relationship among plans, lack of formal process of community participation or loose land use regulation result in difficulty of the application of SEA. Discussions and trials of application of SEA, e.g. applying assessment earlier, making multiple drafts, maintaining transparency of process, will help identification and improvement of these defects.

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This study aims to identify characteristics of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) systems on land use plan in the Netherlands and England by comparing their systems and case studies. From the comparison, the following characteristics were revealed: Dutch SEA system appraises plans from later planning stage from only environmental aspect. It can not show how balance between social, economic and environmental aspects was kept in decision making. However documents are easy to understand because of visual expression and simple process. English SEA system appraises broad scope of plan from early planning stage by environmental, social and economic aspects. It can clearly show how balance among the three aspects was kept in decision making. The points to be resolved is difficulties to understand for public.

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This report evaluates 2 Closed Circuit Television Camera (CCTV) projects implemented in parking areas. Police recorded crime statistics were used to measure changes in levels of crime in the target areas and in comparable areas before and after the CCTVs were installed. Users' attitude surveys were conducted which covered awareness of CCTV, change in fear of crime, perceived effectiveness of CCTV, concern about privacy, support for CCTV and so on. As a result, both of the projects showed a reduction in crime in the target area compared with the comparable area and spatial displacement did not occur. Respondents were likely to think that crime got lower following installation of CCTVs and the level of support of CCTV was high, but about 15% of them expressed concern about privacy in both of the projects.

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This study aims at demonstrating the criminogenic characteristic through the analysis of relationship between street crimes and regional factors at Hitachi-shi, in Ibaraki-prefecture. At first the effect of the regional factors on the street crimes was studied. Next, the self-anticrime activities and its effect were investigated through the principal component analysis and were classified into four categories. Followings are the main findings of this study. First, the accessibility to railway stations and national roads tends to increase the crimes. Second, occurrence of crime is influence by population density. Finally, self-anticrime activities are more effective if the target area is sub-divided into small zones.

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Position error causes serious problems, especially in case of overlaying. It might be fatal when someone wants to make a judgement.This paper deals with effects of positional errors. Relationship between a point and a borderline defined by both end points is examined. First of all, a probability model describes topological relations is introduced. Then a method to estimate probabilities of topological error between a point and a boderline is proposed. A case study representing a judgement is done. The results show that when a point goes near the end point of the borderline, a probability of topological error will increase.

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In this study, we introduced two types of educational program to intend to let students to experience moral dilemma based on Kohlberg's stages of moral development. We analyzed the effect of the program through measuring student's attitude modification to use the frame of Schwarz's norm activation theory by questionnaire survey implemented at before and after the program. In the result, student's attitude modification between before and after the program was suggested, and different psychological factor was activated by two types of program. These results were corresponded to the implementer's intention, and indicate that the educational program to develop moral obligation in this study was effective.

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This paper, taking Kashiwanoha area as a study case of suburban railway station vicinities, clarifies first how people who will move there intend to change the tendency to carry out selected activities near their homes and use automobiles. Secondly, it studies whether the provision of Kashiwanoha's detailed town information can encourage intention to conduct activities within the area. As a result, it is shown that they overall intend to act more in the local area with less reliance on cars. But it is suggested that high car users for distant trips may extend their activity area after starting new life. It also shows the possibility of attracting some kind of activities more locally by providing town information to the segment.

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In this paper, we firstly clarify the problems for the establishment of comprehensive transport systems in the local municipalities. Next, we verify the results and the problems in the execution process of Kyoto Prefecture that establishes a lot of successful cases of traffic improvement by introducing the mobility management systematically. Finally we discuss the meaning and the future prospects why prefecture governments should engage in the mobility management.

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Recently, Mobility Management (MM) has been used often in order to increase the bus passenger. But, it is not clear the relation between the ability of bus level of service (bus LOS) and the effect of MM. The purpose of this study is to examine the bus LOS which brings out the certain growth of the bus passenger by implementation of MM. After we classified the ability of bus LOS of the subject area into six phases, the examinee living in the best bus LOS showed the increase of bus frequency by MM. In addition, the frequency of bus use increased 1.15 days per one month after the experiment of MM. Furthermore, we found that the LOS of inflection point is the area where people can ride the bus with 40 % of probability even if they will start from home any time in a day.

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This study aims to reveal passenger evaluation consciousness on the introduction of LRT (Light Rail Transit) system in Toyama City with a focus on its influence on their travel behavior and city planning. The authors carried out a questionnaire survey to passengers one year after its completion in 2006 and obtained the following results. Most passengers have shifted from old JR line and bus line to the new LRT, and some from private cars. Main reasons for this shift are not only convenience but also comfort provided by the LRT system. Some passengers go out more frequently by LRT and also reduce the use of their private cars, who are mainly senior citizens for the purpose of shopping etc. Most of the passengers evaluate highly the positive impacts of LRT system on city planning, especially its role as a symbol of the city and its contribution to establish barrier-free town.

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As the strategic approach to reform urban area compactly in local city, to improve the service level of public transportation and to induce various function around traffic centers are paid to attention. In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness of the improvement of service level of public transportation through the use of various statistical data at two time sections in the Toyama light rail project. Moreover, we examined the service level of public transportation which was able to make modal shifts from private cars to the public transportation and to create new trips, by analyzing the user's evaluation of each operation index of the questionnaire survey which was executed by Toyama city.

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This study based on investigation of documents about LRT (Light Rail Transit) issued by local governments in Strasbourg and Mulhouse, and we classified contents of these documents according to the kind of impacts. Results have shown that the volume of car traffic and modal share of car decreased by the introduction of package approach including introduction of LRT in central Strasbourg. But the influence on economy in central Strasbourg by the introduction of LRT is not clearly shown in documents, therefore it is necessary to evaluate them more carefully.

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The Road Transport Law was partly amended in 2002. Then, regulations to adjust supply and demand of bus service were repealed, and subsidization for local bus was modified. This amendment of the low aimed activation of bus service. This paper aims to analyze a change in the production structure of bus industry by this deregulation. First, a Trans-Log Cost Function is estimated with consideration to a period of the effect and the competitive pressures. Second, the relation between a regional difference and competitive pressures is verified by using this Cost Function. Then, effect of competitive pressure on productive structure is analyzed. Consequently, it is found that the production structure of bus industry is different between the regions and the competitive pressures lead inefficiency of cost structure in bus industry.

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Areas with inadequate bus services have increased dramatically as a result of the deregulation of the Japanese bus industry which resulted in suspension of unprofitable bus routes. For the last few years, the introduction of mini-buses called "community-buses" operated by local government has been improving the situation. But, such systems are a high cost to local governments because of the lower population densities and the high running costs. This study aims to deduce a method which makes the most use of the taxi for providing public transportation service to areas with inadequate bus service which has become spread. In this paper, we proposed the Information terminal for calling a taxi from analyzing drivers'records, and performed social experiments on this system. As a result, the feasibility of this system can be proved, and the potentiality of its development can be clarified.

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In this study, our purpose is to clarity the effect of moving at stations and waiting time for train at platform on optimal location of stations and user's benefit such as traveling time and walk distance. First, we defined the Access Cost, which is the total cost of moving from entrance to platform and from platform to entrance at stations and waiting time for train at platform. Second, we suggested the solution method using iterative heuristic method to solve the optimal location problem of stations with consideration for Access Cost. In addition, we clarified availability and reliability of the solution. Finally, in a linear city, we calculated optimal location of stations under various conditions and analyzed the result. Then it became clear that Access Cost have the least effect on optimal location of station and a big impact on user's benefit.

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Given two or more points; called as generators, we associate all locations in space with the closest point of them. Space is divided into the area which belongs to a generator as the result. So to speak, it can be said also as the territory figure of a generator. There are the following three kinds of Voronoi diagrams by a generator fundamentally, and a different method suitable for each is used.The purpose of this research is to create three kinds of Voronoi diagrams by the same technique above. The fundamental idea is as follows. 1)Space consists of set of the cells divided by the square grid. 2)To represent the position of a cell with the random position inside a cell. By the above method, a Voronoi diagram is actually created using a computer.

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This study proposes a time allocation model with endogenous threshold of activity participation in the context of depopulated regions. The threshold is derived by introducing a marginal utility of activity participation with the form of normal density function, which can reflect both increasing and decreasing utilities characteristics of the marginal utility. The probabilities of activity participation and non-participation are defined using the aforementioned threshold, as well as the time allocated to each activity. The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed based on an activity diary data. Influential factors to both activity participation and non-participation are clarified. It is found that woman's shopping activity is more restricted by travel mode compared with man's.

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Population density is one of the key factors that affect car ownership and usage. However, its magnitude is unclear because of definition of population density, omitted variable bias and selectivity bias. In this study, making use of disaggregated data in Switzerland, we estimate the relationship between population density of commune level and household's car ownership, type choice and usage controlling demographic and zonal variables. Car ownership and usage decrease with population density, but car type choice is not influenced.The elasticities are around -0.28 and -1.28respectively. In addition, commune voting rate of green party also affects car ownership, type choice and usage.

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Ring roads are planned and constructed for the urban areas in order to improve urban problems caused by the heavy traffic flows in the central area, such as traffic congestion, traffic accidents, regional deterioration and others. The Outer Ring Road of Kanazawa conurbation area also planned and its mountainside part was constructed and used by the public from April 2006. This paper analyses the change of traffic volume transformation and roadside built-up area based on surveys of traffic flows and other statistics as results of the construction of Ring Road. As results of this study, it is clarified that a certain volume of the traffic volume are transformed from the central area to the ring road, and the traffic jam and the traffic accident are decreased. It is also observed that the built-up area has been experienced land use urbanization steadily.

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After the amendments to the Road Traffic Law regarding the enforcement of illegal on-street parking, the number of illegally parked vehicles decreased dramatically. We conducted the before/after questionnaire surveys by which we asked the driver's perception of institutional change for enforcement as well as behavioral change in response to the amendments. According to the results, the driver's perception of enforcement changed slightly; however, the changes happened in terms of the possibility of being enforced rather than the level of law-abiding attitude. We estimated parking location choice models that incorporated walking distance to final destination, parking fee, and some attitudinal variables toward the law. The results also supported that the changes of the driver's perception happened in relation to the likelihood of being enforced.

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