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2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Sumie SUZUKI, Yoshihiro MASUDA, Takafumi NOGUCHI, Hiroshi JINNAI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
1-6
Published: December 30, 2005
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This paper presents the experimental result of testing machine and specimens factor on probability distribution of compressive strength of high strength concrete. It is clarified that the peak value of distribution is higher than the mean value of strength in high strength concrete, even if according to the testing method on JIS A 1108. It is clear that the peak of distribution is close to the mean value of strength and shape of probability distribution is close to normal distribution, when both sides of the specimen are grinded.
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Michal BARTKO, Hiroyuki MIYAUCHI, Kyoji TANAKA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
7-12
Published: December 30, 2005
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Flat roof systems are subjected to negative wind forces. This effect is especially important when waterproofing membrane is attached to a substrate by spot fasteners of mechanically fastened waterproof system. Wind forces cause fatigue stresses on the system and its reliability, however, is not determined sufficiently. This refers mainly to systems with recently used ALC panel substrate, because ALC's strength is much lower in comparison to regular reinforced concrete substrate. Unevaluated reliability of the system led us to the development of the apparatus capable of fatigue effects investigation. We produced the equipment; its principle is, that negative pressure of wind force is substituted by air pressure of 2965N/m^2 and 8235N/m^2 respectively applied in EPDM bag placed under membrane. Specimens consist of all same parts as actual systems- ALC substrate, fastener with disc and membrane. As a result we can state that failures occurred during the tests are identical to those occurred during typhoons on actual roofs.
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Eiji TATSUMI, Yoshihisa NAKATA, Shiro KAWATANI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
13-20
Published: December 30, 2005
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In a nondestructive inspection method for estimating compressive strength of concrete using velocity of impact-elastic wave, it is very important for improving the accuracy of the estimation to study influence of concrete materials, mix proportions and other factors on relation between the velocity and the strength. The previous paper described results of experiments to clarify influence of W/C, slump, bulk volume of coarse aggregate and cement type on elastic wave velocity. In this paper, another six experiments to examine influential factors, such as type of coarse aggregate; maximum size of coarse aggregate; air content; size of specimens; way to cure; and percentage of total moisture content, were conducted. The results to describe influence of the factors on relation between elastic wave velocity and compressive strength were presented.
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Yoshiharu IKEGUCHI, Katsuki TAKIGUCHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
21-26
Published: December 30, 2005
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Based on the past investigation of the foundation of the steel frame residences, we examined the difference of repair expence with material. When the assumption life of a residence is long, the maintenance cost was able to be held down if we use high performance material, regardless of the initial cost.
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Yoshiharu IWATANI, Yukio TAMURA, Kazuki HIBI, Kenichi SUDA, Osamu NAKA ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
27-34
Published: December 30, 2005
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Authors' group has been conducting full-scale measurements of wind velocities by Doppler sodars. It is very important to accurately assess the profiles of mean wind speeds and turbulence intensities in relation to the terrain roughness. The profiles were evaluated for all data measured at seashore and two inshore sites. The profiles in strong winds can be approximately expressed by power laws at altitudes between 50m to 340m. The power exponents of mean wind speed profiles are approximately 0.07 for sea winds and 0.2〜0.3 for land winds. Those of turbulence intensity profiles of vertical velocity are approximately 0.0 and -0.2〜-0.4 respectively.
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Hiroki TAKAHASHI, Toshio HANNUKI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
35-42
Published: December 30, 2005
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Development of reducing technique of snow accumulation around the wake area of the central building at Syowa Station, Antarctica was researched, In the field survey, the relation between the mass of snow drift and the snow transport rate was linear. The results of the cold wind tunnel test were compared with the field survey at Syowa Station. The snow accumulation concentrated in the narrow space between the warehouse building and the sewage disposal plant building. The generation place of snow drift is predictable by the wind tunnel test used L.D.V. and the computational fluid dynamics. The method of adding some building parts on the original form to control wind flow with snow particles is not so effective. It is important that the space between buildings is expanded sufficiently to pass through blowing snow and snow particles in wind flow are transported in the lee of buildings.
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Hidemaru SHIMIZU, Yasuhiro HAYASHI, Yoshiyuki SUZUKI, Yukio SAITO, Mas ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
43-49
Published: December 30, 2005
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The investigation has been performed on damages of wooden houses from the earthquakes in northern Miyagi on July 26, 2003. In particular, structural characteristics of wooden houses having open floor plans and old construction year were examined in detail. Although these houses were considered to be vulnerable to earthquakes, there were a lot of houses damaged lightly or moderately. From the investigation, it is found that the typical wooden houses in the northern Miyagi area have tall hanging mud-walls. The yield base shear coefficients range from 0.3 to 0.7 in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The hanging mud-walls bear from 10% to 50% in the total base shear. Therefore, the hanging walls play very important role as well as full-height mud walls in the seismic performance of wooden houses with open floor plan in this area.
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Kazuhiko KASAI, Hiroyasu SAKATA, Akira WADA, Takeshi MIYASHITA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
51-59
Published: December 30, 2005
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This paper proposes a series of so-called shear link type passive control systems, each of which consists of a damper and K-brace, in order to effectively reduce seismic response and damage of wood houses. Both velocity- and deformation-dependent dampers are included. Dynamic cyclic loading tests are conducted using full-size wood-frame specimens having the dampers, and their superior control performance is demonstrated. A unified method to assess passive control effectiveness is also proposed: it requires only two static tests of the frame without including any specific dampers of concern. Based on such tests, the method can predict dynamic characteristics and steady-state response without conducting further tests or analysis, which would be extremely useful when exploring frames and dampers of superior control performance.
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Nobuo FUKUWA, Yasunori YAMASAKI, Hiroaki KOJIMA, Jun TOBITA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
61-68
Published: December 30, 2005
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This paper discusses the differences of dynamic structural responses among ambient vibration, strong wind induced vibration and seismic induced vibration using observation data. The observed buildings are typical school buildings founded on piles which are a 5-story reinforced concrete building, a 7-story steel reinforced concrete building and a 10-story steel building. From the analysis of the vibration mode for each case, it becomes clear that the dominant vibration mode is different among three cases. In case of ambient vibration, the rocking and torsional foundation input motions contribute to the dynamic response. For strong wind induced vibration, the elastic translational and torsional deformations of superstructure become dominant. On the other hand, the translational foundation input motion is the most important for the seismic ground motion. The differences of vibration mode lead to the incorrect identified system parameters, especially on the damping properties.
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Satoshi MATSUDA, Koichiro ASANO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
69-74
Published: December 30, 2005
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The Kanai-Tajimi model, the most widely used power spectral density model for ground accelerations, has inability to control its spectral level at very low frequencies and consequently sometimes induces overestimations of structural responses for longer-period structures. To overcome this deficiency, we propose a new power spectral density model corresponding to the "pseudo-acceleration" spectral density of an adapted single-degree-of-freedom system under a white noise excitation. The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated through the estimation of the earthquake input energy on the basis of the random response analysis. The analytical explicit expression of the earthquake input energy spectra derived for linear single-degree-of-freedom structures is proved to be also applicable to nonlinear structures with sufficient accuracy.
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Nanako MARUBASHI, Joao L. Domingues COSTA, Mogens Peter NIELSEN, Toshi ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
75-80
Published: December 30, 2005
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There have been numerous proposals for predicting maximum deformations of SDOF systems without doing non-linear time history analyses. Among them is Capacity Spectrum Method, where the system is assumed to deflect symmetrically. But this is not reality. This paper describes the causes of asymmetric response using the rigid-plastic model. One of the causes is the asymmetry of ground acceleration. The other is the hysteretic property of the models. A comparison with the elasto-plastic and Takeda models is also presented.
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Tadayuki MORISHITA, Yoshihito SAITO, Masanao NAKAYAMA, Keiji MASUDA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
81-86
Published: December 30, 2005
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This paper presents the theory of a simplified dynamic analysis with the Rayleigh-Ritz method for multi-floor. This method enables to estimate the characteristics of propagation and interaction between the upper floor and the lower one. The results of this method were compared with these of FEM in order to verify the validity of the proposed system. The results were obtained as follows. It was confirmed that the results of eigenvalue and dynamic analysis by this method agreed well with those of the FEM. Considering the facts above, it is concluded that the proposed method is sufficiently adequate for vibration analysis of multi-floor.
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Toyofumi TAKADA, Takashi MATSUOKA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
87-91
Published: December 30, 2005
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The present paper deals with a truss topology optimization problem whose objective functions are both structural volume and compliance. This multiobjective optimization problem is to find a set of cross-sectional area of members, such that structural volume and compliance are minimized. In this paper, the Pareto optimal front of this problem is theoretically obtained using the Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Moreover, based upon the characteristics of the theoretical Pareto front, the linear programming method (simplex method) is applied. The application of the proposed method is illustrated in numerical examples with discussion on both efficiency and accuracy.
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Tadahiko SHIOMI, Yasushi NUKUI, Katsuichiro HIJIKATA, Fumio YAGISHITA, ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
93-100
Published: December 30, 2005
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This paper introduces a practical earthquake response analysis method to evaluate liquefaction phenomena based on the dynamic effective stress analysis. The method is based on a cycle-wise equivalent linear analysis, in which equivalent stiffness is evaluated in a half-cycle of shear strain time history. This method enables to evaluate not only non-linearity due to strain but also due to liquefaction. The liquefaction is evaluated from liquefaction strength curves of each soil layers, so engineers can directly specify input parameters of the analysis from a report of soil investigation. The theory and verification studies for observed earthquake data are presented. Examples of application to estimate soil springs and ground deformation are also presented.
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Yasutsugu SUZUKI, Naohito ADACHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
101-108
Published: December 30, 2005
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Shaking table tests and a static horizontal loading test are conducted to investigate coefficient of subgrade reaction of pile in liquefied soil. It is shown that (1) The relation between subgrade reaction and pile displacement obtained from the static horizontal loading test can be modeled in the hyperbolic function; (2) The relation between subgrade reaction and relative displacement during liquefaction obtained from shaking table test can be modeled by considering the excess pore water pressure variation and hyperbolic function; (3) The experimental result can be explained the best, when that subgrade reaction was proportional power of 0.5 to 1.0 of the pressure was assumed.
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Masato NAKAO, Risa ICHIMONJI, Yutaka YAMAZAKI, Yoko ISHIBASHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
109-116
Published: December 30, 2005
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This study is to clarify the shear resisting mechanism and establish a shear strength evaluation method for mud-plastered walls through shear loading tests of mud-plastered wall specimens. Since two failure modes were observed throughout the tests, two shear resisting mechanisms were established. Therefore, the minimum value among the strengths corresponding to these two mechanisms was taken as the shear strength of the mud-plastered wall. Taking into account the compressive and tensile strength of mud, the evaluation method based on the shear resisting mechanisms for mud-plastered walls provided a good estimation of the shear strength.
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Hideki IDOTA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
117-123
Published: December 30, 2005
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The purpose of this paper is to propose a new moment resisting joints for glue laminated wood frames using serrated surface. The proposed joints is composed with glue-laminated members with serrated process on the connection surface and bolts. The members are assembled so as to mesh with the serrated surface each other, and are fastened with bolts. In order to investigate the mechanical properties of the proposed joints, the static loading tests are conducted for 17 types of specimens of moment resisting joints. Parameters considered in the experiments are existence of serrated surface, the number of bolts and existence of steel side plates. Features of the proposed joints obtained with the loading tests are as follows. 1) The proposed joint has higher stiffness and strengths than bolts joints or drift-pin joints. 2) Both the stiffness and strengths of the proposed joint increase with increasing the number of bolts, or with using steel side plates. 3) The proposed moment resisting joint is simple and easy to construct.
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Shuzo SUZUKI, Yoshiaki UCHIYAMA, Hironobu ASANO, Hiroyuki NOGUCHI
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
125-131
Published: December 30, 2005
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Racking tests using dynamic servo-actuator for Japanese conventional frame construction (JCFC), light-frame construction (LFC) and wooden glued-panel construction (WGPC) walls were conducted to discuss the influence of loading speed ranged from 0.0001 to 0.33rad./sec on the shear properties of bearing walls. Racking test results indicate that i) failure modes are not influenced by the loading speed, ii) as the increase of loading speed, the maximum racking loads slightly increase for JCFC and LFC walls, but those decrease for WGPC, iii) the influence of loading speed on the stiffness of walls depends on both the construction method and the magnitude of loading speed, iv) the maximum shear deformation of walls in high speed loading for cross-diagonal braced walls of JCFC and walls of WGPC decrease about 50% less than that in static loading, v) the values of the equivalent viscous damping factor for LFC and WGPC walls proportionally increases with the loading speed over 0.01rad./sec.
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Masahiro SUGATA, Tadashi NAKATSUKA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
133-140
Published: December 30, 2005
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This paper describes estimation of flag shaped hysteresis model concerning precast prestressed concrete flexural members, in which a combination of unbonded post-tensioning (PT) reinforcements and bonded deformed bar reinforcements are used. The unbonded PT reinforcements are designed not to yield during seismic excitations, so as not to decrease a self-centering force. On the other hand, the bonded deformed bar reinforcements are intentionally designed to yield for energy dissipation. In order to estimate the hysteresis model of the member, a macro model analysis, that was previously proposed, is used. An accuracy of the proposed flag shaped hysteresis is studied with test data.
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Tomohiro MATSUMIYA, Keiichiro SUITA, Masayoshi NAKASHIMA, Dawei LIU, F ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
141-147
Published: December 30, 2005
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The writers conducted a full-scale loading test on a steel moment frame with RC floor slab. The primary objective of this test was to examine the interaction between the steel beam and RC floor slab (composite action). The steel beam strength for positive bending increased about 1.5 times by the presence of RC floor slab. RC floor slab did not affect the beam strength in negative bending. During small beam rotations of 0.002 to 0.003rad however, the beam strength increased 1.2 to 1.4 times even in negative loading. The effective width in reference to the concrete cylinder strength approximately equals the column width, which is much smaller than the effective width stipulated by the AIJ composite code.
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Masahiro KURATA, Masayoshi NAKASHIMA, Keiichiro SUITA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
149-154
Published: December 30, 2005
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The cyclic loading tests on steel tube columns were conducted to examine the deformation capacity of fixed-type column bases, represented as embedded-type. A constant axial load was applied vertically and cyclic horizontal load was applied to failure. The primary parameters applied in the tests were the width-to-thickness ratio and axial load ratio of the columns. Six columns with 2/3 in scale were tested. Loading was continued until the specimen completely lost their axial load supporting capacity. Significant effects of the width-to-thickness ratio and axial load ratio on the strength deteriorations behavior were notable. Current limit on with-to-thickness ratios given for compact sections were only sufficient to endure a cyclic rotation of 0.0225rad for the axial load ratio of up to 0.3.
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Hitoshi KUWAMURA, Takumi ITO, Hirokazu TOMIOKA
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
155-162
Published: December 30, 2005
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A new type of steel connection was proposed, which is named the cone-to-cylinder socket conneciton. A conical shell is plugged into the open end of a cylinder, and the open mouth of the cone is covered by a lid plate. This new connection is expected to be applied to heads of steel pipe piles, bases of pipe struts, supports of pipe trusses, and pipe-to-pipe connections. Experiment on load carrying capacity demonstrated that the socket connections provide satisfactory strength and rigidity under compression. However, it is recommended that the cone should be welded to the lid plate to prevent out-of-plane deformation of the cone edge. Strengthening of the cylinder edge by installing a ring or by welding to the cone wall was found very effective.
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Akihiko KAWANO, Kenji SAKINO, Yuki OKAMOTO, Kenji TOYOSATO
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
163-167
Published: December 30, 2005
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With regard to moment-resistant frames installed by diagonal braces, the strong axial force is introduced into a column from diagonal braces at a beam-to-column connection. When the column is made of CFT (concrete-filled steel tube), the axial force from braces firstly transfer to the steel tubular portion of the column. If the steel and concrete composite action is expected, a certain component of the axial force should transfer to the filled concrete. Two types of stress transfer mechanisms may be available in CFT columns. The one is the concrete bond to steel tube, and the other is a mechanical shear key functioned by the cut-through diaphragm which is often used for beam-to-column connections in Japan. The paper presents the quantitative effect of diaphragm shear key and the evaluation method in practice.
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Fuming ZHANG
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
169-
Published: December 30, 2005
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The authors developed a unique seismic retrofit method, and discussed the stable vibration of building models using a new approach of equivalent linearization. However, as the first phase of research, it is expected that control efficiencies and application limits were further discussed and commented. And an extensive study or discussion of major parameters deciding control effects will be helpful for reducing design factors in future studies.
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Shigehiro MOROOKA, Tatsumi SHINOHARA, Noriaki MISAWA, Masayoshi NAKASH ...
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
171-172
Published: December 30, 2005
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The authors wish to thank Dr. Fuming Zhang for the useful discussion. The answers to his inquiries are as follows: (1) The main resonance vibration in the concerned nonlinear system includes higher frequency waves, but it can reasonably be regarded as a standard harmonic function as shown in Fig. A. (2) Only the primary resonance peak value is targeted in this paper. It is because there exists a general trend of reduction of the secondary resonance peak value, when the primary resonance peak value decreases and unless the masses of the two buildings connected to each other are significantly different. (3) This paper does not intend to derive optimal solutions. Existing techniques for optimal design of linear systems may be applied to the equivalent linear equation proposed in this paper.
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 70 Issue 598 Pages
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