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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
App70-
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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Rei OKADA, Yuka ISONO, Makoto KANDA, Eizo MARUTA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
1-7
Published: October 30, 2007
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In our former paper, the concept and accuracy verifications of the experimental system using the hybrid technique are presented to verify the interactions between the bluff body and the surrounding flow (New Hybrid Aerodynamic vibration Technique ; NHAT). In this paper, first of all, the pressure-estimation performances of NHAT are examined as the final step of accuracy verifications. In the next place, simultaneous-measuring results among displacement, pressure, and aerodynamic force of square cylinder in uniform flow are shown in case of one parameter when the vortex-induced oscillations occur dominantly. The results of parametric studies concerning with the aerodynamic characteristics will report in the next paper.
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Shuji SAKURAI, Tomoyuki SANADA, Osamu ABE, Osamu JOH
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
9-16
Published: October 30, 2007
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In estimating the snow loads on roofs of buildings and space structures in heavy snow regions, it is important to consider the ununiform snow depth distributions of an entire roof area. The objective of this study is to develop an useful and reliable method in the structural design in order to predict roof snow accumulations due to snowstorms. First, the efficiency of wind tunnel tests using artificial snow particles is discussed as compared with field measurements of roof snow surveyed in detail by aerial photogrammetry. The artificial snow particles enable more realistic experiments than model snow particles such as cracked wheat or activated clay, etc. Second, as the roof snow accumulation is closely related to the characteristics of wind flow around a building, this study focuses the relationship between the snow accumulation obtained from the above mentioned wind tunnel tests and the distribution of the fluctuating wind pressure coefficients on roofs. It is found that when the test conditions are suitable, the accurate estimation of snow accumulation patterns is possible using wind tunnel tests and/or the distribution of the fluctuating wind pressure coefficients on the roofs.
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Yuichi IKEDA, Sumio NAGAHASHI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
17-26
Published: October 30, 2007
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The authors have worked out an earthquake response analysis program for use in a space frame vibration, with the flexural rigidity of earthquake-resistant walls and floor slabs taken into consideration, so as to evaluate the uplift of isolators and the earthquake response characteristics of base isolated high-rise buildings. This earthquake response analysis program for the space frame vibration makes it possible to simultaneously input three components of earthquake motion-two components of horizontal motion plus one component of vertical motion. Compared with ordinary analysis instruments, the program serves to grasp in fuller detail the uplift of isolators and the earthquake response of superstructure of base isolated high-rise building. It is confirmed, with the help of this program, that when the strong motion inputs into the high aspect ratio base isolated high-rise building, the tension region of corner isolator of base isolated high-rise building records a tension bearing as high as σ_t=2N/mm^2, so that the compressive response quantity exceeds a maximum allowable compressed strength, with the isolator placed in a buckling condition. As the aspect ratio rises higher, the fluctuation axial force will have larger effects, further building up the compressive stress. With the fluctuation axial force having a larger compressive stress at the corner than elsewhere, the compressive stress of the corner isolator produces a high compressive stress.
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Yuzuru YASUI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
27-34
Published: October 30, 2007
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Using the classical stationary point theory of one mass model with Maxwell type devise, evaluation formulas of optimum damping coefficients and corresponding frequencies are derived. Then equation of motion of multi-mass model with Maxwell type devise is derived for the sake of direct calculation of seismic response. Next, utilizing the orthogonality of the eigen mode, generalized modal model with equivalent Maxwell devise is proposed. Through comparison of the results by the direct method with the modal one, existence of the stationary point of multi-mass model is verified. Lastly property of available damping coefficient value and note for use of this method are discussed.
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Kohji TOKIMATSU, Hiroshi ARAI, Toru SEKIGUCHI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
35-42
Published: October 30, 2007
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Effects of nonlinear properties of surface soil on the variation in strong ground motion and damage to wooden houses within Ojiya city during the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture earthquake, are examined, based on field investigation including boring and microtremor measurements, as well as strong motion observation. It is revealed that the maximum response of wooden houses, i.e., damage level, could mainly be controlled by strong ground motion with a period of about 1-2 s. Such a period range was significantly amplified in the damaged sites due to strong soil nonlinearity while it was not in the slightly damaged sites due to week soil nonlinearity.
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Toshiyuki MASATSUKI, Saburoh MIDORIKAWA, Michihiro OHORI, Hiroyuki MIU ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
43-49
Published: October 30, 2007
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Seismic behavior of office furniture is examined in an upper floor of a high-rise building due to long period and large amplitude motion by a rigid body simulation technique. Dynamic parameters of the furniture used in the simulation such as friction, spring and damper coefficients are determined from comparison of the computed behavior with the behavior in the shaking table tests. The simulation results show that the furniture continues to move around and collide against each other. The behavior of the furniture can cause fear and injury to people in the floor, and make the evacuation action difficult.
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Noriko TAKIYAMA, Yoshikazu ARAKI, Motohide TADA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
51-58
Published: October 30, 2007
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We present a consistent framework for applying kinematic hardening rules to the singular yield surfaces of the generalized plastic hinges located at both ends of plane beam-column elements. It is known that, when a plastic hinge yields at a singular point of its yield surface, serious numerical difficulties may arise due to indeterminacy of plastic strains. To overcome many of the difficulties, we modify Prager's rule so that the direction of yield surface translation becomes consistent with the plastic stiffness matrix that reflects plastification of the whole element. The validity of the present approach is demonstrated through a numerical example.
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Yukio KITANO, Kazuo KONDOH
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
59-66
Published: October 30, 2007
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A new and effective hybrid stress 2D finite element based on the plane beam-column theory considering higher order shear deformation and the bi-axial effect in stresses and strains is developed. Using the so-called semi-inverse method, the shearing and the lateral normal stresses as well as the axial normal one are prepared in expression of resultant stresses of the beam-column. These stress fields compose the completely equilibrated ones in the plane stress state. Standard polynomial expansions are employed as the displacement fields on inter-element boundaries. According to the standard hybrid stress finite element procedure shown in the previous papers, a new 2D finite element with the present stress fields is derived, and the availability and the applicability of the present approach are, with aid of several numerical tests, discussed and examined.
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Takaaki SHIMIZU, Masamichi AOKI, Makoto NISHIGAKI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
67-74
Published: October 30, 2007
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When we design the length of a cut-off wall, it is very important to consider anisotropic permeability of the ground. The objective of this study is to evaluate anisotoropic permeability in macro area of the ground. Two kinds of methods are proposed. One is using the in-situ test with single borehole. The other is using inverse analysis of FEM model with measurements of dewatering method. These methods were verified by in-situ test and FEM analysis, and were applied to design the dewatering method of actual site. About flowrate and drawdown at dewatering, estimates and measurements were good agreement.
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Tsutomu TSUCHIYA, Fumikazu OHSUGI, Futa NAKAZAWA, Masao SHIMADA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
75-80
Published: October 30, 2007
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Installation and vertical loading tests of screwed steel pipe pile, which has helical wing on the pile edge, were executed in uniformly graded sand in a calibration chamber. The experimental factors are the relative density D_r(72, 94%), the pile diameter d_0(48.6, 76.3, 101.6mm) and the surcharge pressure σ_0(50, 100, 150kPa). It was proved that the residual stresses of screwed pile installed in the dense sand amounted to high ratio, and the load deflection curves of the pile top due to vertical load were different from those of the other piles such as jacked pile or bored pile. We have discussed the effect of the residual stresses upon the bearing capacity of the screwed pile.
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Satoshi SASAKI, Katsumi KOBAYASHI, Hideaki YAMAMOTO, Koichi KOBAYASHI, ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
81-86
Published: October 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2017
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Recently, several methods have been developed to improve the performance of semi-rigid connections on pile heads by reducing the stress on pile heads and decreasing the cost of foundation works. This study was carried out as a part of research into the semi-rigid connecting method for pile heads on pre-cast concrete piles. This paper describes the mechanical behavior of the pile heads connected using un-bonded round steel bars with anchor plates. Full-scale loading tests and numerical analysis were carried out to estimate the complicated behavior of this type of connection. As a result, it was confirmed that the connection developed retains it's bending capacity at rotational angles of less than 1/20 radian. The prediction result based on the flexural analyses, which modeled the confined effect and non-linear stress-strain characteristics of the concrete, corresponded closely to the relationship between the bending moment and the rotation observed in the full scale tests.
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Koji YAMADA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
87-92
Published: October 30, 2007
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In this paper, we discuss the variation effect of the wall clay strength to the seismic performance of a mud wall. The material tests of wall clay are a compression test and a split test. Five specimens are tested in each test. The variation coefficients of wall clay are over a range of 0.04-0.13. The lateral loading test for mud wall shows that the seismic performances of mud clay have small dispersion against the result of their material tests. This phenomenon is confirmed by the numerical analysis considered the dispersion of material strength. The numerical analysis also represents that the average of material strength is sufficient to calculate the seismic performance of a mud wall.
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Kei SAWATA, Sigehumi OKAMOTO, Masahide MURAKAMI, Aiko KAWANABE, Tamots ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
93-100
Published: October 30, 2007
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the shear performance of mud walls with various openings based on their load carrying mechanism. The load-deformation behavior of various 1P and 2P mud walls, calculated by the data on the three kinds of component test, showed good agreement with the experimental result up to its maximum load. Then, the simplified equations were contrived to estimate their stiffness and ultimate strength. The calculated values by these equations agreed well with experimental results, and thus the proposed equations were shown to be useful for estimating the principal shear performance of such mud walls.
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Hisato HOTTA, Taku HARADA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
101-108
Published: October 30, 2007
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In "Design Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Reinforced Concrete Buildings Based on Inelastic Displacement Concept", published in AIJ, the shear strength formula does not consider the effect by longitudinal reinforcement ratio and axial force that is observed in numbers of empirical examinations. This is due to the assumption that longitudinal reinforcement bars do not yield. In this paper, we rebuild theoretical fomula limited to truss mechanism based on upper bound theorem by considering the fracture mechanism putting yield limit of longitudinal reinforcement, that is same as Doi assumed. The solutions can prove the rise of shear strength by rise of shear reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, or axial force. Those can also prove that the influence of axial force changes according to the amount of longitudinal reinforcement that is shown in past empirical data. By introducing the effective coefficients to each parameters of the solutions and letting the coefficients reflect past empirical data, we found out that longitudinal reinforcement and axial force contribute to shear strength, but do not contribute than shear reinforcement.
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Yasuji SHINOHARA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
109-116
Published: October 30, 2007
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FEM analyses have been performed on simply reinforced concrete elements to study the influence of the properties of cracks and the quantity of reinforcing bars upon the shear transfer behaviors in cracks of concrete. The discrete crack models were adopted in the analysis and the simple models that consist of a dilatancy crack and/or a frictional crack in addition to reinforcement were used to make the effects of crack surfaces and reinforcing bars clear. The properties of cracks corresponding to the smooth and rough crack surface were considered by using different aggregate sizes to evaluate interlocking for a dilatancy crack. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction and dilatancy for Coulomb criteria were estimated based on experiments to evaluate sliding behaviors in cracks. The meaningful relations among shear transfer behaviors in cracks, the properties of cracks and the quantity of reinforcing bars have been proven by extensive parametric analyses.
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Ryo MURASE, Masatoshi MURAI, Mamoru IWATA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
117-124
Published: October 30, 2007
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The authors conceived buckling-restrained braces providing stable hysteretic characteristics even under high-strain-rate conditions. Based on a series of cyclic loading tests, a significant correlation between the brace's cumulative strain energy until the failure and restraining force was revealed. When the brace's cumulative strain energy is given as a design condition, the buckling-restrained brace is designed using the proposed performance evaluation formula. In this paper, different specimens from what used in the past tests such as with different core plate width-to-thickness ratios and restraining forces, and with different unbonded material thicknesses and cross section details are fabricated and loaded. The strict scope of application for the performance evaluation formula proposed by the previous paper is defined by considering the test results.
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Yuko SHIMADA, Motoki AKAZAWA, Yosuke ITO, Yuichi MATSUOKA, Satoshi YAM ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
125-132
Published: October 30, 2007
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In order to determine the safety margin against collapse behavior of steel building under exceedingly large ground motion, the shaking table test of a full-scale building at E-Defense is underway. A series of reduced-scale shaking table tests were conducted to address following technical issues; (1) acquisition of 3-D behavior of specimen frames up to collapse; and (2) efficiency of safeguard system to protect shaking facilities. Obtained results are effective to verify riot only the instrumentation methods but also numerical analytical methods for collapse simulation.
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Shoichi KISHIKI, Yasushi ICHIKAWA, Satoshi YAMADA, Akira WADA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
133-140
Published: October 30, 2007
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Buckling restrained braces (BRBs) show that the casing restricts global buckling which serves to balance the tensile and compressive forces in the brace and improve the energy dissipation and plastic deformation capacities of the brace. Nevertheless, the majority of these studies have tested isolated braces or simple subassemblies which neglect the influence of the framing components and the gusset-plate on the system performance. In this paper, three frame subassemblies with BRB were subjected to cyclic lateral loading. It was found that effective length of the beam shortened by the presence of the gusset-plate connections. It was indicating that critical section of the beam was moved to the toe of the gusset-plate. On the other hand, effective length of the column was hardly affected by the gusset-plate when square-tube section was used for the column.
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Toru TAKEUCHI, Kazuaki SUZUKI, Ryota MATSUI, Toshiyuki OGAWA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
141-148
Published: October 30, 2007
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Tubular sections are commonly used for truss structures or diagonal braces, because they have higher moment-of-inertia comparing to H-sections or L-sections with the same area. However, their cumulative cyclic deformation capacity after buckling is known as quite small, because high strain concentration appears at local elbow buckling. To improve the performance of such members, the authors have proposed retrofit method to add outer tube and in-filled mortar in-between, as buckling restrainer. In this paper, cumulative cyclic deformation capacity of this member is researched by cyclic loading tests with various thickness ratios and strain amplitudes. Their strain concentration mechanism is also researched thorough various analyses, followed by proposing the concept of strain concentration index. The easy evaluation method for cumulative deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity is proposed using this index.
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 72 Issue 620 Pages
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Published: October 30, 2007
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