The aim of this research is to examine how the deepening of the relationship between Japanese farmers' markets and actors in the areas outside their business area will change the retail format of the direct sales. First, case studies in Aomori prefecture showed that the collection and sales outside the area are limited in amount and did not lead to large profits. However, a certain effect was seen in attracting customers, and it became clear that it indirectly contributed to maintenan farmer's market business itself. Second, regarding “de-localization” in procurement of products, purchasing from outside of their business area is carried out through intermediate organizations. On the sales side, selling outside the region could be strengthening sales not only in retailing but also by entering wholesale. Third, while the basic characteristic as a producer organization and the fundamental retail format of farmers' markets will be maintained despite “de-localization, ” entry from retail to wholesale at the farmers' market level may undermine locality and encourage its conversion to an independent commercial capital. The “de-localization” we could identify in the case studies were basically limited to either the collection or sales side. Besides, there was no significant expansion in terms of organizational or financial structure of each farmers' market to enhance their business in “de-localization. ” Their business behavior as related to that outside of their business regions would be to strategically maintain their function as a farmers' market that fundamentally includes the constraints of localized business.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the sale of registered varieties and the managerial problems of individual breeders of fruit trees, and for that purpose, we decided to conduct a survey and analysis of an advanced grape farmer who has registered varieties in Okayama prefecture. The specific research tasks of this study are to reveal the sales practices of the individual farmers who breed the varieties, to estimate the development cost of the varieties, and to examine ways to secure alternative sources of income based on the current market size of the registered varieties. As a result of the analysis, it was found that it is difficult to fully recover the cost of breeding varieties through the current sales of seedlings. Therefore, as an alternative measure, we proposed a method of royalty income based on the value of sales in the market.

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In this paper, we examined the influence of modern Taiwanese food culture changes on marketing strategies of Japanese food companies, using Taiwan House Foods marketing strategies, especially product strategies. In Taiwan, in addition to its own local food, Japanese food such as sushi has become popular, and a diverse food culture has been accepted. Furthermore, the Japanese era has created a condition in which Japanese culture is easily accepted, and a market in which it is relatively easy for Japan to standardize marketing strategies. However, in recent years, the health consciousness of the people has increased in Taiwan, the population of food eaters has increased, and the food culture is changing. Along with this, Taiwan House Foods' product strategy has become complex, from consistent standardization to adaptation of product strategy in some markets. Through this combination, an increase in market share was achieved.

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This paper outlines how agricultural subsidies were utilized after a massive natural disaster, using the case of the eruption of Mt. Unzen. Most of the farmers who took advantage of the ashfall control subsidy program offereed immediately after the disaster installed greenhouses at a 95% subsidy rate. They were farmers who resumed farming operations relatively early after the disaster. For those farmers whose homes and land were both swept away or burned down by the disaster, it took longer to return to farming, or they found it difficult to meet the requirement to receive the subsidies, and many of them resumed farming with other assistance.

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This study investigates the sustainability of resource circulation agricultural systems established in the township of Caohe, Baoding, Hebei Province. The study analyzes the players that maintain business relationships among constituents together with the profitability of each constituent. This system is considered to be sustainable because the low transaction costs and trust among the every constituent form a cooperative relationship that allows them to continue trading in by-products, and because each constituent has a positive net revenue and a high motivation to operate resource recycling agriculture.

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This study evaluates the impact of introducing milking robots on expansion of scale and elimination of overwork in family-owned dairy farms. While previous studies in Europe suggest that introducing milking robots not only ensures flexibility and reduction in working hours and eliminates overwork, it also has the potential to expand self-supplied feed production, similar studies in Japan have pointed to a reduction of required labor countered by higher depreciation which reduce profits. The modernization of dairy farming policy, which took effect in March 2020, emphasizes not only high-performance technologies but also boosting self-supplied feed production and manure treatment. Evaluating the impact of milking robots on scale expansion and overwork elimination while also taking into account the relationship between milking robots and self-supplied feed production and manure treatment, we confirmed that as milking robots eliminate overwork, dairy farmers can not only concentrate on rearing management but also increasing self-supplied feed production. We conclude that it is essential to clarify the role of milking robots in the entire operation system, including manure handling and self-supplied feed production, as well as to farming management common to all dairy farms, rather than just positioning them as a labor-saving system.

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