Now we have a stage at which a discussion about a standard and a certification of organic products has almost finished in both the international area and the domestic area. In the former, The Sectional Meeting of Food Indication in The Codex Committee which was held in Ottawa in May 1998 had an agreement with Step 8, except for stockbreeding, about a global standard guideline on a standard, a certification, and an indication of organic products. And in Japan it is expected that a law which, for the most part, is based on an international standard will be passed in the Diet in 1999. This article makes clear the recent situation on a standard, a certification, and an indication of organic products, along with pointing out the next five as the remaining points at issue. 1. need of initiative of the farmers' sector on a standard, a certification, and an indication of organic products. 2. product standard and standardization of indication on sustainable agricultural products which have a greatly reduced input of agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizer. 3. establishment of a self-responsibility system of farmers which is a premise for an outsiderinspection. 4. farmers' associations taking a part in a process of the standardization, a certification, and the indication of organic products. 5. making a system whereby the market and consumers can provide input and support for the development and growth of organic agriculture.

抄録全体を表示

In spite of the period of a hang low state of Japan's milk price, we have found that Mie prefecture has broken through this barrier with an upward tendency of the price. The economic good result was the effect of direct marketing between cooperatives in Osaka and the Ohuchiyama Dairy-cooperative in Mie prefecture. The results of this analysis are as follows. 1) A characteristic of Mie Prefecture's production of process milk is low quantity with kown cheap milk prices. 2) Adding to this, we can find the advancement of the Ohuchiyama Dairy-cooperative linked to the development of the cooperative direct marketing. Now the Ohuchiyama Dairy-cooperative has guided most dairy-cooperatives and milk plants in Mie prefecture, so they have the most force in influencing milk prices in Mie prefecture. 3) There is no milk plant within the big three capitals of the dairy industry in Mie prefecture. Mie prefecture's milk price is determined by the negotiation of the milk price in Mie prefecture. The big capital's milk price of dairy industries is not determined in Mie prefecture but in Tokyo. 4) Here is the demonstration of the normal working of the Mie Dairy-cooperative Association. The Mie Dairy-cooperative Association has the power to guarantee a universal milk price for Mie prefecture's dairy farmers. We conclude, in whole, that the mechanism of the upward movement of Mie prefecture's milk price exists in spite of the hang low period of Japan's milk price.

抄録全体を表示

China is the biggest pork producing and consuming country in the world. Since 1978, with the introduction of the household responsibility system (HRS) and adjustments in government purchase price for agricultural products, the production and marketing structures are being transformed. Under the state monopoly management system from the middle of the 1950's, purchase prices were kept rather low until 1980s. With the introduction of the market mechanism, the pork marketing system became coexistent with state-operated, group-operated and the individually operated systems. The introduction of the present production form of the pork sector has strongly resulted in establishing a better performing mixed marketing system. At present, Chinese pork production has been an increasing trend due to the increase in household income. Per capita production of pork increased from 11.5 kilograms in 1980 to 30.1 kilograms in 1995. However, there are many factors which influenced the price reform of pork. The pork price isn't simply a reflection of the dynamic tension between the demand and the supply as seen in the pure market economy. When analyzing the price according to the marketing stage, the farmer's share to retail price, in the local market shipment, is as much as 65-77%; and this in the distant market shipment is about 50%. When considering the actual condition of the wholesale market and the retail market, it is not too much to say that the farmer's share to retail price is lower and the marketing margin is higher in China than in other countries such as Japan.

抄録全体を表示